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Although a variety of transformers have been proposed for symbolic music generation in recent years, there is still little comprehensive study on how specific design choices affect the quality of the generated music. In this work, we…

Symbolic Music Generation relies on the contextual representation capabilities of the generative model, where the most prevalent approach is the Transformer-based model. The learning of musical context is also related to the structural…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Guowei Wu , Shipei Liu , Xiaoya Fan

Music exists in various modalities, such as score images, symbolic scores, MIDI, and audio. Translations between each modality are established as core tasks of music information retrieval, such as automatic music transcription…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Jongmin Jung , Dongmin Kim , Sihun Lee , Seola Cho , Hyungjoon Soh , Irmak Bukey , Chris Donahue , Dasaem Jeong

Symbolic music generation faces a fundamental trade-off between efficiency and quality. Fine-grained tokenizations achieve strong coherence but incur long sequences and high complexity, while compact tokenizations improve efficiency at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ting-Kang Wang , Chih-Pin Tan , Yi-Hsuan Yang

A representation technique that allows encoding music in a way that contains musical meaning would improve the results of any model trained for computer music tasks like generation of melodies and harmonies of better quality. The field of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Sebastian Garcia-Valencia

Pitch estimation is to estimate the fundamental frequency and the midi number and plays a critical role in music signal analysis and vocal signal processing. In this work, we proposed a new architecture based on a learning-based enhancement…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Yu Cheng Hung , Ping Hung Chen , Jian Jiun Ding

Tokenization - the practice of converting strings of characters from an alphabet into sequences of tokens over a vocabulary - is a critical step in the NLP pipeline. The use of token representations is widely credited with increased model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Juan Luis Gastaldi , John Terilla , Luca Malagutti , Brian DuSell , Tim Vieira , Ryan Cotterell

Definitive embeddings remain a fundamental challenge of computational musicology for symbolic music in deep learning today. Analogous to natural language, music can be modeled as a sequence of tokens. This motivates the majority of existing…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Hongru Liang , Wenqiang Lei , Paul Yaozhu Chan , Zhenglu Yang , Maosong Sun , Tat-Seng Chua

Several adaptations of Transformers models have been developed in various domains since its breakthrough in Natural Language Processing (NLP). This trend has spread into the field of Music Information Retrieval (MIR), including studies…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Dinh-Viet-Toan Le , Louis Bigo , Mikaela Keller , Dorien Herremans

This paper presents a statistical method for use in music transcription that can estimate score times of note onsets and offsets from polyphonic MIDI performance signals. Because performed note durations can deviate largely from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-10 Eita Nakamura , Kazuyoshi Yoshii , Simon Dixon

Instrument recognition is a fundamental task in music information retrieval, yet little has been done to predict the presence of instruments in multi-instrument music for each time frame. This task is important for not only automatic…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Yun-Ning Hung , Yi-Hsuan Yang

Multi-pitch estimation is a decades-long research problem involving the detection of pitch activity associated with concurrent musical events within multi-instrument mixtures. Supervised learning techniques have demonstrated solid…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-27 Frank Cwitkowitz , Zhiyao Duan

When used with deep learning, the symbolic music modality is often coupled with language model architectures. To do so, the music needs to be tokenized, i.e. converted into a sequence of discrete tokens. This can be achieved by different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Nathan Fradet , Nicolas Gutowski , Fabien Chhel , Jean-Pierre Briot

Timbre and pitch are the two main perceptual properties of musical sounds. Depending on the target applications, we sometimes prefer to focus on one of them, while reducing the effect of the other. Researchers have managed to hand-craft…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-11-09 Yun-Ning Hung , Yi-An Chen , Yi-Hsuan Yang

Research on style transfer and domain translation has clearly demonstrated the ability of deep learning-based algorithms to manipulate images in terms of artistic style. More recently, several attempts have been made to extend such…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Ondřej Cífka , Umut Şimşekli , Gaël Richard

Expert musicians can mould a musical piece to convey specific emotions that they intend to communicate. In this paper, we place a mid-level features based music emotion model in this performer-to-listener communication scenario, and…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Shreyan Chowdhury , Gerhard Widmer

Automated piano performance evaluation traditionally relies on symbolic (MIDI) representations, which capture note-level information but miss the acoustic nuances that characterize expressive playing. I propose using pre-trained audio…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Jai Dhiman

Automatic Music Transcription has seen significant progress in recent years by training custom deep neural networks on large datasets. However, these models have required extensive domain-specific design of network architectures,…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Curtis Hawthorne , Ian Simon , Rigel Swavely , Ethan Manilow , Jesse Engel

This article presents a benchmark study of symbolic piano music classification using the masked language modelling approach of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). Specifically, we consider two types of MIDI…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yi-Hui Chou , I-Chun Chen , Chin-Jui Chang , Joann Ching , Yi-Hsuan Yang

Large language models (LLMs) excel at modeling relationships between strings in natural language and have shown promise in extending to other symbolic domains like coding or mathematics. However, the extent to which they implicitly model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Andrew Shin , Kunitake Kaneko