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Temporal data are increasingly prevalent in modern data science. A fundamental question is whether two time series are related or not. Existing approaches often have limitations, such as relying on parametric assumptions, detecting only…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-29 Cencheng Shen , Jaewon Chung , Ronak Mehta , Ting Xu , Joshua T. Vogelstein

We consider the structural change in a class of discrete valued time series that the conditional distribution follows a one-parameter exponential family. We propose a change-point test based on the maximum likelihood estimator of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-03-01 Mamadou Lamine Diop , William Kengne

There is a well-known problem in Null Hypothesis Significance Testing: many statistically significant results fail to replicate in subsequent experiments. We show that this problem arises because standard `point-form null' significance…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-06 Fintan Costello , Paul Watts

This study demonstrates the existence of a testable condition for the identification of the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome in observational data, which relies on two sets of variables: observed covariates to be controlled for…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-20 Martin Huber , Jannis Kueck

A standard practice in statistical hypothesis testing is to mention the p-value alongside the accept/reject decision. We show the advantages of mentioning an e-value instead. With p-values, it is not clear how to use an extreme observation…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-04 Peter Grünwald

We propose and study a general method for construction of consistent statistical tests on the basis of possibly indirect, corrupted, or partially available observations. The class of tests devised in the paper contains Neyman's smooth…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-09-22 Mikhail Langovoy

E-variables are tools for retaining type-I error guarantee with optional stopping. We extend E-variables for sequential two-sample tests to general null hypotheses and anytime-valid confidence sequences. We provide implementations for…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-27 Rosanne Turner , Peter Grünwald

We consider a quantum system that is being continuously monitored, giving rise to a measurement signal. From such a stream of data, information needs to be inferred about the underlying system's dynamics. Here we focus on hypothesis testing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-27 Giulio Gasbarri , Matias Bilkis , Elisabet Roda-Salichs , John Calsamiglia

To render a sequence testable, namely capable of identifying and detecting errors, it is necessary to apply a transformation that increases its length by introducing statistical dependence among symbols, as commonly exemplified by the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Aida Koch , Alix Petit

The aim of sequential change-point detection is to issue an alarm when it is thought that certain probabilistic properties of the monitored observations have changed. This work is concerned with nonparametric, closed-end testing procedures…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-27 Ivan Kojadinovic , Ghislain Verdier

We formulate nonparametric and semiparametric hypothesis testing of multivariate stationary linear time series in a unified fashion and propose new test statistics based on estimators of the spectral density matrix. The limiting…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-09-03 Yoshihiro Yajima , Yasumasa Matsuda

In scientific inference problems, the underlying statistical modeling assumptions have a crucial impact on the end results. There exist, however, only a few automatic means for validating these fundamental modelling assumptions. The…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-05-21 Andreas Svensson , Dave Zachariah , Petre Stoica , Thomas B. Schön

E-values and E-processes (nonnegative supermartingales) provide anytime-valid evidence for sequential testing via Ville's inequality, yet their connection to Bayesian reasoning, representational structure, and computational feasibility are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-11 Nicholas G. Polson , Vadim Sokolov , Daniel Zantedeschi

In contemporary research, data scientists often test an infinite sequence of hypotheses $H_1,H_2,\ldots$ one by one, and are required to make real-time decisions without knowing the future hypotheses or data. In this paper, we consider such…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-16 Lasse Fischer , Aaditya Ramdas

The internal validity of observational study is often subject to debate. In this study, we define the counterfactuals as the unobserved sample and intend to quantify its relationship with the null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST). We…

Applications · Statistics 2019-06-21 Tenglong Li , Kenneth A. Frank

Widely used methods and software for group sequential tests of a null hypothesis of no treatment difference that allow for early stopping of a clinical trial depend primarily on the fact that sequentially-computed test statistics have the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-19 Anastasios A. Tsiatis , Marie Davidian

For many real time applications, it is important to validate the information received from the sensors before entering higher levels of reasoning. This paper presents an any time probabilistic algorithm for validating the information…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Pablo H. Ibarguengoytia , Luis Enrique Sucar , Sunil Vadera

We derive several tests for the presence of a periodic component in a time series of functions. We consider both the traditional setting in which the periodic functional signal is contaminated by functional white noise, and a more general…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-08 Siegfried Hörmann , Piotr Kokoszka , Gilles Nisol

A/B testing is one of the most successful applications of statistical theory in modern Internet age. One problem of Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing (NHST), the backbone of A/B testing methodology, is that experimenters are not allowed…

Applications · Statistics 2016-02-18 Alex Deng , Jiannan Lu , Shouyuan Chen

The problem of handling adaptivity in data analysis, intentional or not, permeates a variety of fields, including test-set overfitting in ML challenges and the accumulation of invalid scientific discoveries. We propose a mechanism for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Blake Woodworth , Vitaly Feldman , Saharon Rosset , Nathan Srebro