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An increase in the integration of Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) to the electric grid, will lead to a corresponding decrease in the amount of connected synchronous generators, resulting in a decline in the available rotational inertia…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-31 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

We develop and test a data-driven and area-based fast frequency control scheme, which rapidly redispatches inverter-based resources to compensate for local power imbalances within the bulk power system. The approach requires no explicit…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-04 Etinosa Ekomwenrenren , John Simpson-Porco , Evangelos Farantatos , Mahendra Patel , Aboutaleb Haddadi , Lin Zhu

Model uncertainty of inverter-based resources (IBRs) presents significant challenges for power system control and stability. This work studies secondary frequency regulation in inverter-based power systems using a Data-driven Koopman…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-03 Sohrab Rezaei , Xiaomo Wang , Sijia Geng

The paper introduces the concept of complex frequency. The imaginary part of the complex frequency is the variation with respect of a synchronous reference of the local bus frequency as commonly defined in power system studies. The real…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Federico Milano

The paper discusses fast frequency control in bulk power systems using embedded networks of grid-forming energy storage resources. Differing from their traditional roles of regulating reserves, the storage resources in this work operate as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Kaustav Chatterjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Diane Baldwin , Ronald Melton

Voltage control devices are employed in power distribution systems to reduce the power consumption by operating the system closer to the lower acceptable voltage limits; this technique is called conservation voltage reduction (CVR). The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-27 Rahul Ranjan Jha , Anamika Dubey , Kevin P. Schneider

The increasing penetration of inverter-based renewable generation has significantly reduced system inertia, making modern power grids more vulnerable to rapid frequency deviations following disturbances. While a wide range of flexible…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-18 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger

This paper evaluates the frequency performance of an AC system when primary frequency response is provided by inverter-based resources located at remote-areas. Due to potentially larger wave propagation constants over longer lines, fast…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-19 Georgios Misyris , Deepak Ramasubramanian , Parag Mitra , Vikas Singhvi

The issues of uncertainty and frequency security could become significantly serious in power systems with the high penetration of volatile inverter-based renewables (IBRs). These issues make it necessary to consider the uncertainty and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-08 Ye Tian , Zhengshuo Li , Wenchuan Wu , Miao Fan

Converter-interfaced power sources (CIPS) are hybrid control systems as they may switch between multiple operating modes. Due to increasing penetration, the hybrid behavior of CIPS, such as, wind turbine generators (WTG), may have…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Yichen Zhang , Kevin Tomsovic , Seddik M. Djouadi , Hector Pulgar-Painemal

This paper presents a two-stage zonal Volt/VAR control scheme for coordinating inverter-based resources (IBR) with utility-owned voltage regulators (VR) to regulate voltage in unbalanced 3-phase distribution systems. First, correlations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-05 Asmaa Alrushoud , Ning Lu

Reactive power sharing and containment of voltages within limits for inverter-based resources (IBRs) are two important, yet coupled objectives in ac networks. In this article, we propose a distributed control technique to simultaneously…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-29 Babak Abdolmaleki , John W. Simpson-Porco , Gilbert Bergna-Diaz

Inverter Based Generators (IBGs) have been increasing significantly in power systems. Due to the demanding thermal rating of Power Electronics (PE), their contribution to the system Short Circuit Current (SCC) is much less than that from…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-14 Zhongda Chu , Fei Teng

In this paper we propose a distributed dynamic controller for sharing frequency control reserves of asynchronous AC systems connected through a multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grid. We derive sufficient stability conditions, which guarantee that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-15 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

Introduction of renewable generation leads to significant reduction of inertia in power system, which deteriorates the quality of frequency control. This paper suggests a new control scheme utilizing controllable load to deal with low…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Oleg O. Khamisov , Janusz W. Bialek , Anatoly Dymarsky

In order to deal with issues caused by the increasing penetration of renewable resources in power systems, this paper proposes a novel distributed frequency control algorithm for each generating unit and controllable load in a transmission…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-19 Luwei Yang , Tao Liu , Zhiyuan Tang , David J. Hill

With more inverter-based resources (IBRs), our power systems have lower frequency nadirs following N-1 contingencies, and undesired under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) can occur. To address this challenge, IBRs can be programmed to provide…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-29 Shuan Dong , Xin Fang , Jin Tan , Ningchao Gao , Xiaofan Cui , Anderson Hoke

Fast-response voltage regulation is essential for data-center Voltage Regulation Modules (VRMs) powering Artificial Intelligence (AI) workloads, which exhibit both small-amplitude fluctuations and abrupt full-load steps. This paper…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-08-27 Guanyu Qian , Haoxian Yan , Xiaofan Cui

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu