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A way of constructing continuous matrix product states (cMPS) for coupled fields is presented here. The cMPS is a variational \emph{ansatz} for the ground state of quantum field theories in one dimension. Our proposed scheme is based in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-19 Fernando Quijandría , Juan José García-Ripoll , David Zueco

Common wisdom says that the entanglement of fermionic systems can be low in the second quantization formalism but is extremely large in the first quantization. Hence Matrix Product State (MPS) methods based on moderate entanglement have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Jheng-Wei Li , Xavier Waintal

Clifford circuits -- i.e. circuits composed of only CNOT, Hadamard, and $\pi/4$ phase gates -- play a central role in the study of quantum computation. However, their computational power is limited: a well-known result of Gottesman and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-21 Adam Bouland , Joseph F. Fitzsimons , Dax Enshan Koh

Tensor networks, which are originally developed for characterizing complex quantum many-body systems, have recently emerged as a powerful framework for capturing high-dimensional probability distributions with strong physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Haotong Duan , Zhongming Chen , Ngai Wong

A generic method to investigate many-body continuous-variable systems is pedagogically presented. It is based on the notion of matrix product states (so-called MPS) and the algorithms thereof. The method is quite versatile and can be…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2013-05-29 S. Iblisdir , R. Orus , J. I. Latorre

We investigate the use of matrix product states (MPS) to approximate ground states of critical quantum spin chains with periodic boundary conditions (PBC). We identify two regimes in the (N,D) parameter plane, where N is the size of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-02-08 B. Pirvu , G. Vidal , F. Verstraete , L. Tagliacozzo

We propose efficient algorithms for classically simulating fermionic linear optics operations applied to non-Gaussian initial states. By gadget constructions, this provides algorithms for fermionic linear optics with non-Gaussian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-22 Beatriz Dias , Robert Koenig

We develop the formalism of fermionic matrix product states (fMPS) and show how irreducible fMPS fall in two different classes, related to the different types of simple $\mathbb{Z}_2$ graded algebras, which are physically distinguished by…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-03-02 Nick Bultinck , Dominic J. Williamson , Jutho Haegeman , Frank Verstraete

Quantum many-body systems out of equilibrium pose some of the most intriguing questions in physics. Unfortunately, numerically keeping track of time evolution of states under Hamiltonian dynamics constitutes a severe challenge for all known…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-04-30 C. Krumnow , J. Eisert , Ö. Legeza

By the Gottesman-Knill Theorem, the outcome probabilities of Clifford circuits can be computed efficiently. We present an alternative proof of this result for quopit Clifford circuits (i.e., Clifford circuits on collections of $p$-level…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-13 Dax Enshan Koh , Mark D. Penney , Robert W. Spekkens

We show the feasibility of tensor network solutions for lattice gauge theories in Hamiltonian formulation by applying matrix product states algorithms to the Schwinger model with zero and non-vanishing fermion mass. We introduce new…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2013-12-10 M. C. Bañuls , K. Cichy , K. Jansen , J. I. Cirac

We study classical simulation of quantum computation, taking the Gottesman-Knill theorem as a starting point. We show how each Clifford circuit can be reduced to an equivalent, manifestly simulatable circuit (normal form). This provides a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-20 M. Van den Nest

Numerical simulations are a powerful tool to study quantum systems beyond exactly solvable systems lacking an analytic expression. For one-dimensional entangled quantum systems, tensor network methods, amongst them Matrix Product States…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2018-02-28 Daniel Jaschke , Michael L. Wall , Lincoln D. Carr

We introduce a functional matrix product state (FMPS) based method for simulating the real-space representation of continuous-variable (CV) quantum computation. This approach efficiently simulates non-Gaussian CV systems by leveraging their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Andreas Bock Michelsen , Frederik K. Marqversen , Michael Kastoryano

Stabilizer states along with Clifford manipulations (unitary transformations and measurements) thereof -- despite being efficiently simulable on a classical computer -- are an important tool in quantum information processing, with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Ashlesha Patil , Saikat Guha

The Gottesman-Knill theorem states that a Clifford circuit acting on stabilizer states can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer. Recently, this result has been generalized to cover inputs that are close to a coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-24 Arne Heimendahl , Felipe Montealegre-Mora , Frank Vallentin , David Gross

We extend the recently introduced Clifford dressed Time-Dependent Variational Principle (TDVP) to efficiently compute many-body wavefunction amplitudes in the computational basis. This advancement enhances the study of Loschmidt echoes,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-06 Antonio Francesco Mello , Alessandro Santini , Mario Collura

By combining the continuous matrix product state (cMPS) representation for quantum fields in the continuum with standard optimization techniques for matrix product states (MPS) on the lattice, we obtain an approximation $|\Psi\rangle$,…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2018-11-14 Martin Ganahl , Guifre Vidal

We present a matrix product state (MPS) algorithm to approximate ground states of translationally invariant systems with periodic boundary conditions. For a fixed value of the bond dimension D of the MPS, we discuss how to minimize the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-21 B. Pirvu , F. Verstraete , G. Vidal

Classical simulation of quantum circuits is a pivotal part of the quantum computing landscape, specially within the NISQ era, where the constraints imposed by available hardware are unavoidable. The Gottesman-Knill theorem further motivates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Fernando Lima , Arcesio Castañeda Medina