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Given a machine learning (ML) model and a prediction, explanations can be defined as sets of features which are sufficient for the prediction. In some applications, and besides asking for an explanation, it is also critical to understand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Xuanxiang Huang , Martin C. Cooper , Antonio Morgado , Jordi Planes , Joao Marques-Silva

Explainable AI (XAI) is an important developing area but remains relatively understudied for clustering. We propose an explainable-by-design clustering approach that not only finds clusters but also exemplars to explain each cluster. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Ian Davidson , Michael Livanos , Antoine Gourru , Peter Walker , Julien Velcin , S. S. Ravi

Recent works in Explainable AI mostly address the transparency issue of black-box models or create explanations for any kind of models (i.e., they are model-agnostic), while leaving explanations of interpretable models largely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Piyawat Lertvittayakumjorn , Francesca Toni

The usage of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods has become essential in practical applications, given the increasing deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models and the legislative requirements put forward in the latest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ilaria Vascotto , Valentina Blasone , Alex Rodriguez , Alessandro Bonaita , Luca Bortolussi

In the last years, XAI research has mainly been concerned with developing new technical approaches to explain deep learning models. Just recent research has started to acknowledge the need to tailor explanations to different contexts and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Bettina Finzel , David E. Tafler , Stephan Scheele , Ute Schmid

There have been several research works proposing new Explainable AI (XAI) methods designed to generate model explanations having specific properties, or desiderata, such as fidelity, robustness, or human-interpretability. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Sérgio Jesus , Catarina Belém , Vladimir Balayan , João Bento , Pedro Saleiro , Pedro Bizarro , João Gama

There is broad agreement that Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, particularly those using Machine Learning (ML), should be able to "explain" their behavior. Unfortunately, there is little agreement as to what constitutes an…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Leilani H. Gilpin , Andrew R. Paley , Mohammed A. Alam , Sarah Spurlock , Kristian J. Hammond

Explainability and uncertainty quantification are key to trustable artificial intelligence. However, the reasoning behind uncertainty estimates is generally left unexplained. Identifying the drivers of uncertainty complements explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Pascal Iversen , Simon Witzke , Katharina Baum , Bernhard Y. Renard

In many AI applications today, the predominance of black-box machine learning models, due to their typically higher accuracy, amplifies the need for Explainable AI (XAI). Existing XAI approaches, such as the widely used SHAP values or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 David Martens , James Hinns , Camille Dams , Mark Vergouwen , Theodoros Evgeniou

Complex AI systems make better predictions but often lack transparency, limiting trustworthiness, interpretability, and safe deployment. Common post hoc AI explainers, such as LIME, SHAP, HSIC, and SAGE, are model agnostic but are too…

Although machine learning (ML) models of AI achieve high performances in medicine, they are not free of errors. Empowering clinicians to identify incorrect model recommendations is crucial for engendering trust in medical AI. Explainable AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Isil Guzey , Ozlem Ucar , Nukhet Aladag Ciftdemir , Betul Acunas

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in text classification, but their complexity hinders interpretability, making it difficult to understand the reasoning behind their predictions. Explainable AI (XAI) methods like LIME and SHAP offer local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Yogachandran Rahulamathavan , Misbah Farooq , Varuna De Silva

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to create transparency in modern AI models by offering explanations of the models to human users. There are many ways in which researchers have attempted to evaluate the quality of these XAI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Joe Shymanski , Jacob Brue , Sandip Sen

There has been a significant surge of interest recently around the concept of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), where the goal is to produce an interpretation for a decision made by a machine learning algorithm. Of particular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Zhong Qiu Lin , Mohammad Javad Shafiee , Stanislav Bochkarev , Michael St. Jules , Xiao Yu Wang , Alexander Wong

Intelligent systems that use Machine Learning classification algorithms are increasingly common in everyday society. However, many systems use black-box models that do not have characteristics that allow for self-explanation of their…

Rule-based models offer a human-understandable representation, i.e. they are interpretable. For this reason, they are used to explain the decisions of non-interpretable complex models, referred to as black box models. The generation of such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Michał Kozielski , Marek Sikora , Łukasz Wawrowski

Explanations of an AI's function can assist human decision-makers, but the most useful explanation depends on the decision's context, referred to as the downstream task. User studies are necessary to determine the best explanations for each…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Eura Nofshin , Esther Brown , Brian Lim , Weiwei Pan , Finale Doshi-Velez

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods lack ground truth. In its place, method developers have relied on axioms to determine desirable properties for their explanations' behavior. For high stakes uses of machine learning that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Isha Hameed , Samuel Sharpe , Daniel Barcklow , Justin Au-Yeung , Sahil Verma , Jocelyn Huang , Brian Barr , C. Bayan Bruss

The desirable properties of explanations in information systems have fueled the demands for transparency in artificial intelligence (AI) outputs. To address these demands, the field of explainable AI (XAI) has put forth methods that can…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Felix Haag

Research in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasing, aiming to make deep learning models more transparent. Most XAI methods focus on justifying the decisions made by Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in security-relevant…