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In recent years, the impact of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) in society has been absolutely remarkable. This impact is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. However,the adoption of AI/ML is also a cause of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Joao Marques-Silva

Strategies based on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) have promoted better human interpretability of the results of black box models. This opens up the possibility of questioning whether explanations created by XAI methods meet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 José Ribeiro , Níkolas Carneiro , Ronnie Alves

As AI becomes fundamental in sectors like healthcare, explainable AI (XAI) tools are essential for trust and transparency. However, traditional user studies used to evaluate these tools are often costly, time consuming, and difficult to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Francesco Bombassei De Bona , Gabriele Dominici , Tim Miller , Marc Langheinrich , Martin Gjoreski

Uncertainty is a key feature of any machine learning model and is particularly important in neural networks, which tend to be overconfident. This overconfidence is worrying under distribution shifts, where the model performance silently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Arthur Thuy , Dries F. Benoit

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems increasingly support decision-making across critical domains, yet current explainable AI (XAI) approaches prioritize algorithmic transparency over human comprehension. While XAI methods reveal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Christian Meske , Justin Brenne , Erdi Uenal , Sabahat Oelcer , Ayseguel Doganguen

In the quest for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) one of the questions that frequently arises given a decision made by an AI system is, ``why was the decision made in this way?'' Formal approaches to explainability build a formal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yacine Izza , Alexey Ignatiev , Peter Stuckey , Joao Marques-Silva

As deep neural networks are deployed in safety-critical domains such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis, stakeholders need explanations that are interpretable but also trustworthy with formal guarantees. Existing XAI methods fall…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Hanchen David Wang , Diego Manzanas Lopez , Preston K. Robinette , Ipek Oguz , Taylor T. Johnson , Meiyi Ma

A particular class of Explainable AI (XAI) methods provide saliency maps to highlight part of the image a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model looks at to classify the image as a way to explain its working. These methods provide an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Sam Zabdiel Sunder Samuel , Vidhya Kamakshi , Namrata Lodhi , Narayanan C Krishnan

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become a widely discussed topic, the related technologies facilitate better understanding of conventional black-box models like Random Forest, Neural Networks and etc. However, domain-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Pap M. Corea , Yongxin Liu , Jian Wang , Shuteng Niu , Houbing Song

Most commonly used non-linear machine learning methods are closed-box models, uninterpretable to humans. The field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to develop tools to examine the inner workings of these closed boxes. An…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lauri Seppäläinen , Mudong Guo , Kai Puolamäki

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is concerned with producing explanations indicating the inner workings of models. For a Rashomon set of similarly performing models, explanations provide a way of disambiguating the behavior of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Kaivalya Rawal , Eoin Delaney , Zihao Fu , Sandra Wachter , Chris Russell

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), i.e., the development of more transparent and interpretable AI models, has gained increased traction over the last few years. This is due to the fact that, in conjunction with their growth into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Erika Puiutta , Eric MSP Veith

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) enables data-driven understanding of factor associations with response variables, yet communicating XAI outputs to laypersons remains challenging, hindering trust in AI-based predictions. Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Tomoaki Yamaguchi , Yutong Zhou , Masahiro Ryo , Keisuke Katsura

While local explanations for AI models can offer insights into individual predictions, such as feature importance, they are plagued by issues like instability. The unreliability of feature weights, often skewed due to poorly calibrated ML…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Helena Lofstrom , Tuwe Lofstrom , Ulf Johansson , Cecilia Sonstrod

Explanations of model behavior are commonly evaluated via proxy properties weakly tied to the purposes explanations serve in practice. We contribute a decision theoretic framework that treats explanations as information signals valued by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Ziyang Guo , Berk Ustun , Jessica Hullman

The final search query for the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted on 15th July 2022. Initially, we extracted 1707 journal and conference articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-29 AKM Bahalul Haque , A. K. M. Najmul Islam , Patrick Mikalef

Despite the recent, widespread focus on eXplainable AI (XAI), explanations computed by XAI methods tend to provide little insight into the functioning of Neural Networks (NNs). We propose a novel framework for obtaining (local) explanations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Emanuele Albini , Piyawat Lertvittayakumjorn , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

A large set of the explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) literature is emerging on feature relevance techniques to explain a deep neural network (DNN) output or explaining models that ingest image source data. However, assessing how XAI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Alexandre Heuillet , Fabien Couthouis , Natalia Díaz-Rodríguez

Models that generate extractive rationales (i.e., subsets of features) or natural language explanations (NLEs) for their predictions are important for explainable AI. While an extractive rationale provides a quick view of the features most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder , Oana-Maria Camburu , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Julian McAuley

Statistical sufficiency formalizes the notion of data reduction. In the decision theoretic interpretation, once a model is chosen all inferences should be based on a sufficient statistic. However, suppose we start with a set of procedures…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-08-01 Vincent Q. Vu