Related papers: European Defence Readiness
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are pivotal in the global economy, accounting for over 90% of businesses and 60% of employment worldwide. Despite their significance, SMEs are often disregarded in cybersecurity initiatives, rendering…
Cost optimal scenarios derived from models of a highly renewable electricity system depend on the specific input data, cost assumptions and system constraints. Here this influence is studied using a techno-economic optimisation model for a…
With the ongoing adoption of 5G for communication in industrial systems and critical infrastructure, the security of industrial UEs such as 5G-enabled industrial robots becomes an increasingly important topic. Most notably, to meet the…
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is receiving growing attention from industry and academia as multiple pilot projects explore its capabilities and feasibility. With about 50\% of global road vehicle exports coming from the European…
This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion on AI regulation in the European Union, contrasting it with the more sectoral and self-regulatory approach in the UK. It argues for a hybrid regulatory strategy that combines elements from…
The Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) of the European Union (EU) imposes many new cyber security requirements practically to all network-enabled information technology products, whether hardware or software. The paper examines and elaborates the…
This document, written by early career researchers (ECRs) in particle physics, aims to represent the perspectives of the European ECR community and serves as input for the 2025--2026 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics.…
Modern society's reliance on power systems is at risk from the escalating effects of wind-related climate change. Yet, failure to identify the intricate relationship between wind-related climate risks and power systems could lead to serious…
Several proposals for the reform of the euro area advocate the creation of a market in synthetic securities backed by portfolios of sovereign bonds. Most debated are the so-called European Safe Bonds or ESBies proposed by Brunnermeier,…
Cyber attacks are increasing in volume, frequency, and complexity. In response, the security community is looking toward fully automating cyber defense systems using machine learning. However, so far the resultant effects on the…
European electricity markets have been complex since their inception. Policies and technologies advancing renewable integration, consumer empowerment, flexibility, and electrification are reshaping generation and consumption, increasing…
Large language models are prone to misuse and vulnerable to security threats, raising significant safety and security concerns. The European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act seeks to enforce AI robustness in certain contexts, but faces…
Legislators, designers of legal information systems, as well as citizens face often problems due to the interdependence of the laws and the growing number of references needed to interpret them. Quantifying this complexity is not an easy…
The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the world's first and largest cap-and-trade carbon market, is a cornerstone of EU climate policy. This study provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of the EU carbon market's…
The electricity market, which was initially designed for dispatchable power plants and inflexible demand, is being increasingly challenged by new trends, such as the high penetration of intermittent renewables and the transformation of the…
Dependence on information, including for some of the world's largest organisations such as governments and multi-national corporations, has grown rapidly in recent years. However, reports of information security breaches and their…
Advances in machine learning have led to broad deployment of systems with impressive performance on important problems. Nonetheless, these systems can be induced to make errors on data that are surprisingly similar to examples the learned…
To achieve ambitious greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in time, the planning of future energy systems needs to accommodate societal preferences, e.g. low levels of acceptance for transmission expansion or onshore wind turbines, and…
Current research on defending against adversarial examples focuses primarily on achieving robustness against a single attack type such as $\ell_2$ or $\ell_{\infty}$-bounded attacks. However, the space of possible perturbations is much…
Cyberspace is full of uncertainty in terms of advanced and sophisticated cyber threats which are equipped with novel approaches to learn the system and propagate themselves, such as AI-powered threats. To debilitate these types of threats,…