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HotFlip is a topical gradient-based word substitution method for attacking language models. Recently, this method has been further applied to attack retrieval systems by generating malicious passages that are injected into a corpus, i.e.,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Yongkang Li , Panagiotis Eustratiadis , Evangelos Kanoulas

Despite considerable progress in neural relevance ranking techniques, search engines still struggle to process complex queries effectively - both in terms of precision and recall. Sparse and dense Pseudo-Relevance Feedback (PRF) approaches…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Iain Mackie , Shubham Chatterjee , Sean MacAvaney , Jeffrey Dalton

Information retrieval systems have traditionally relied on exact term match methods such as BM25 for first-stage retrieval. However, recent advancements in neural network-based techniques have introduced a new method called dense retrieval.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Ahmed H. Salamah , Pierre McWhannel , Nicole Yan

Generative search engines have the potential to transform how people seek information online, but generated responses from existing large language models (LLMs)-backed generative search engines may not always be accurate. Nonetheless,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Xuming Hu , Xiaochuan Li , Junzhe Chen , Yinghui Li , Yangning Li , Xiaoguang Li , Yasheng Wang , Qun Liu , Lijie Wen , Philip S. Yu , Zhijiang Guo

The rapid proliferation of AI-generated content on the Web presents a structural risk to information retrieval, as search engines and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems increasingly consume evidence produced by the Large Language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Hongyeon Yu , Dongchan Kim , Young-Bum Kim

Benchmarking the performance of information retrieval (IR) is mostly conducted with a fixed set of documents (static corpora). However, in realistic scenarios, this is rarely the case and the documents to be retrieved are constantly updated…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Chaeeun Kim , Soyoung Yoon , Hyunji Lee , Joel Jang , Sohee Yang , Minjoon Seo

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, in which an adversary inserts malicious documents containing carefully crafted injected prompts into the knowledge database. When a user issues a question…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Weifei Jin , Xilong Wang , Wei Zou , Jinyuan Jia , Neil Gong

Large language models (LLMs) have gained significant attention in various fields but prone to hallucination, especially in knowledge-intensive (KI) tasks. To address this, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a popular…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Xiaoxi Li , Zhicheng Dou , Yujia Zhou , Fangchao Liu

Cross-site scripting (XSS) poses a significant threat to web application security. While Deep Learning (DL) has shown remarkable success in detecting XSS attacks, it remains vulnerable to adversarial attacks due to the discontinuous nature…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Samuele Pasini , Gianluca Maragliano , Jinhan Kim , Paolo Tonella

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances language models by integrating external knowledge, but its effectiveness is highly dependent on system configuration. Improper retrieval settings can degrade performance, making RAG less…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Jennifer Hsia , Afreen Shaikh , Zhiruo Wang , Graham Neubig

Generative retrieval employs sequence models for conditional generation of document IDs based on a query (DSI (Tay et al., 2022); NCI (Wang et al., 2022); inter alia). While this has led to improved performance in zero-shot retrieval, it is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Tongfei Chen , Ankita Sharma , Adam Pauls , Benjamin Van Durme

Reliable retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems depend fundamentally on the retriever's ability to find relevant information. We show that neural retrievers used in RAG systems have blind spots, which we define as the failure to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Zeinab Sadat Taghavi , Ali Modarressi , Hinrich Schutze , Andreas Marfurt

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems respond to queries by retrieving relevant documents from a knowledge database and applying an LLM to the retrieved documents. We demonstrate that RAG systems that operate on databases with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Avital Shafran , Roei Schuster , Vitaly Shmatikov

The classical cascading pipeline of retrieve--rerank suffers from a bounded recall problem, stemming from limitations of the first-stage retriever. Most current approaches address the bounded recall problem by improving the first-stage…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mandeep Rathee , V Venktesh , Sean MacAvaney , Avishek Anand

Effective exploration is a key challenge in reinforcement learning for large language models: discovering high-quality trajectories within a limited sampling budget from the vast natural language sequence space. Existing methods face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yiran Guo , Zhongjian Qiao , Yingqi Xie , Jie Liu , Dan Ye , Ruiqing Zhang , Shuang Qiu , Lijie Xu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) significantly enhances Large Language Models (LLMs), but simultaneously exposes a critical vulnerability to knowledge poisoning attacks. Existing attack methods like PoisonedRAG remain detectable due to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ziye Wang , Guanyu Wang , Kailong Wang

Retrieval-augmented Generation (RAG) has primarily been studied in limited settings, such as factoid question answering; more challenging, reasoning-intensive benchmarks have seen limited success from minimal RAG. In this work, we challenge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xinxi Lyu , Michael Duan , Rulin Shao , Pang Wei Koh , Sewon Min

Dense retrieval systems have proven to be effective across various benchmarks, but require substantial memory to store large search indices. Recent advances in embedding compression show that index sizes can be greatly reduced with minimal…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-16 L. Caspari , M. Dinzinger , K. Ghosh Dastidar , C. Fellicious , J. Mitrović , M. Granitzer

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) improves large language model reliability by grounding generated responses in external evidence. However, RAG performance depends on the relevance of retrieved passages, the quality of evidence ranking,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Fariba Afrin Irany , Sampson Akwafuo

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing (NLP), enabling applications from content generation to decision support. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves LLMs by incorporating external knowledge but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zirui Cheng , Jikai Sun , Anjun Gao , Yueyang Quan , Zhuqing Liu , Xiaohua Hu , Minghong Fang
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