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GEneral Matrix Multiply (GEMM) is a central operation in deep learning and corresponds to the largest chunk of the compute footprint. Therefore, improving its efficiency is an active topic of ongoing research. A popular strategy is the use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Zhanpeng Zeng , Karthikeyan Sankaralingam , Vikas Singh

GPUs are known to be power-hungry, and due to the boom in artificial intelligence, they are currently the major contributors to the high power demands of upcoming datacenters. Most GPU usage in these popular workloads consist of large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Theo Gregersen , Pratyush Patel , Esha Choukse

We present an interface and an implementation of the General Matrix Multiply (GEMM) routine for multiple small matrices processed simultaneously on NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs). We focus on matrix sizes under 16. The…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2013-04-29 Chetan Jhurani , Paul Mullowney

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is the cornerstone of HPC workloads and Deep Learning. State-of-the-art vendor libraries tune tensor layouts, parallelization schemes, and cache blocking to minimize data movement across the memory…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Evangelos Georganas , Alexander Heinecke , Pradeep Dubey

We introduce Stream-K, a work-centric parallelization of matrix multiplication (GEMM) and related computations in dense linear algebra. Whereas contemporary decompositions are primarily tile-based, our method operates by partitioning an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Muhammad Osama , Duane Merrill , Cris Cecka , Michael Garland , John D. Owens

Deep neural networks (DNNs) require very large amounts of computation both for training and for inference when deployed in the field. A common approach to implementing DNNs is to recast the most computationally expensive operations as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-09-12 Andrew Anderson , Aravind Vasudevan , Cormac Keane , David Gregg

Emerging deep learning workloads urgently need fast general matrix multiplication (GEMM). To meet such demand, one of the critical features of machine-learning-specific accelerators such as NVIDIA Tensor Cores, AMD Matrix Cores, and Google…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Bo Fang , Xinyi Li , Harvey Dam , Cheng Tan , Siva Kumar Sastry Hari , Timothy Tsai , Ignacio Laguna , Dingwen Tao , Ganesh Gopalakrishnan , Prashant Nair , Kevin Barker , Ang Li

Recent architectures integrate high-performance and power-efficient matrix engines. These engines demonstrate remarkable performance in low-precision matrix multiplication, which is crucial in deep learning. Several techniques have been…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yuki Uchino , Katsuhisa Ozaki , Toshiyuki Imamura

The increasing complexity and scale of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) necessitate specialized tensor accelerators, such as Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), to meet various computational and energy efficiency requirements. Nevertheless,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Deepak Vungarala , Mohammed E. Elbtity , Sumiya Syed , Sakila Alam , Kartik Pandit , Arnob Ghosh , Ramtin Zand , Shaahin Angizi

Tensor computations, with matrix multiplication being the primary operation, serve as the fundamental basis for data analysis, physics, machine learning, and deep learning. As the scale and complexity of data continue to grow rapidly, the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Qizhe Wu , Yuchen Gui , Zhichen Zeng , Xiaotian Wang , Huawen Liang , Xi Jin

Sparse general matrix-matrix multiplication (spGEMM) is an essential component in many scientific and data analytics applications. However, the sparsity pattern of the input matrices and the interaction of their patterns make spGEMM…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Orestis Zachariadis , Nitin Satpute , Juan Gómez-Luna , Joaquín Olivares

AI chips commonly employ SRAM memory as buffers for their reliability and speed, which contribute to high performance. However, SRAM is expensive and demands significant area and energy consumption. Previous studies have explored replacing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Duy-Thanh Nguyen , Abhiroop Bhattacharjee , Abhishek Moitra , Priyadarshini Panda

Weight-only quantization is widely used to mitigate the memory-bound nature of LLM inference. Codebook-based methods extend this trend by achieving strong accuracy in the extremely low-bit regime (e.g., 2-bit). However, current kernels rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Gunho Park , Jeongin Bae , Byeongwook Kim , Baeseong park , Jiwon Ryu , Hoseung Kim , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

General matrix multiplication (GEMM) on spatial accelerators is highly sensitive to mapping choices in both execution efficiency and energy consumption. However, the mapping space exhibits combinatorial explosion, which makes it extremely…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wulve Yang , Hailong Zou , Rui Zhou , Jionghao Zhang , Qiang Li , Gang Li , Yi Zhan , Shushan Qiao

The generic matrix-matrix multiplication (GEMM) is arguably the most popular computational kernel of the 20th century. Yet, surprisingly, no common methodology for evaluating GEMM performance has been established over the many decades of…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2015-11-19 Anton Lokhmotov

Video analytics pipelines have steadily shifted to edge deployments to reduce bandwidth overheads and privacy violations, but in doing so, face an ever-growing resource tension. Most notably, edge-box GPUs lack the memory needed to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Arthi Padmanabhan , Neil Agarwal , Anand Iyer , Ganesh Ananthanarayanan , Yuanchao Shu , Nikolaos Karianakis , Guoqing Harry Xu , Ravi Netravali

One of the most important and commonly used operations in many linear algebra functions is matrix-matrix multiplication (GEMM), which is also a key component in obtaining high performance of many scientific codes. It is a computationally…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Nenad Mijić , Davor Davidović

With the rapid advent of generative models, efficiently deploying these models on specialized hardware has become critical. Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) are designed to accelerate AI workloads, but their high power consumption…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Zhantong Zhu , Hongou Li , Wenjie Ren , Meng Wu , Le Ye , Ru Huang , Tianyu Jia

Peak breaking Matrix Multiplication is a promising technique to improve the performance of DL, especially in LLM training and inference. We present FalconGEMM, a cross-platform framework that automates the deployment, optimization, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Honglin Zhu , Jiaping Cao , Jiang Shao , Siyuan Feng , Qian Qiu , Peng Chen , Xu Zhang , Yixian Zhou , Man Lung Yiu , Guang Ji , Minwen Deng , Wenxi Zhu , Jintao Meng

We present a novel approach for accelerating convolutions during inference for CPU-based architectures. The most common method of computation involves packing the image into the columns of a matrix (im2col) and performing general matrix…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Amir Ofir , Gil Ben-Artzi