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200 papers

The emergence of pre-trained AI systems with powerful capabilities across a diverse and ever-increasing set of complex domains has raised a critical challenge for AI safety as tasks can become too complicated for humans to judge directly.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Jonah Brown-Cohen , Geoffrey Irving , Georgios Piliouras

Safety cases, structured arguments that a system is acceptably safe, are becoming central to the governance of AI systems. Yet, traditional safety-case practices from aviation or nuclear engineering rely on well-specified system boundaries,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Sung Une Lee , Liming Zhu , Md Shamsujjoha , Liming Dong , Qinghua Lu , Jieshan Chen , Lionel Briand

The ability to plan a course of action that achieves a desired state of affairs has long been considered a core competence of intelligent agents and has been an integral part of AI research since its inception. With the advent of large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Karthik Valmeekam , Kaya Stechly , Subbarao Kambhampati

AI systems empowered by reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms harbor the immense potential to catalyze societal advancement, yet their deployment is often impeded by significant safety concerns. Particularly in safety-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Jiaming Ji , Jiayi Zhou , Borong Zhang , Juntao Dai , Xuehai Pan , Ruiyang Sun , Weidong Huang , Yiran Geng , Mickel Liu , Yaodong Yang

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieved remarkable performance via chain-of-thought (CoT), but recent studies showed that such enhanced reasoning capabilities are at the expense of significantly degraded safety capabilities. In this paper,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jianan Chen , Zhifang Zhang , Shuo He , Linan Yue , Lei Feng , Minling Zhang

Reinforcement learning agents naturally learn from extensive exploration. Exploration is costly and can be unsafe in $\textit{safety-critical}$ domains. This paper proposes a novel framework for incorporating domain knowledge to help guide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Fazl Barez , Hosien Hasanbieg , Alesandro Abbate

Large reasoning models such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1 have demonstrated remarkable performance in complex reasoning tasks. A critical component of their training is the incorporation of reference-based reward systems within reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Yuchen Yan , Jin Jiang , Zhenbang Ren , Yijun Li , Xudong Cai , Yang Liu , Xin Xu , Mengdi Zhang , Jian Shao , Yongliang Shen , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have significantly improved problem-solving through explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, this capability creates a Safety-Helpfulness Paradox: the reasoning process itself can be misused to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xin Gao , Shaohan Yu , Zerui Chen , Yueming Lyu , Weichen Yu , Guanghao Li , Jiyao Liu , Jianxiong Gao , Jian Liang , Ziwei Liu , Chenyang Si

Chain of Thought (CoT) prompting can encourage language models to engage in multi-step logical reasoning. The quality of the provided demonstrations significantly influences the success of downstream inference tasks. Current unsupervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yufeng Zhang , Xuepeng Wang , Lingxiang Wu , Jinqiao Wang

Reasoning models are the new generation of Large Language Models (LLMs) capable of complex problem solving. Their reliability in solving introductory physics problems was tested by evaluating a sample of n = 5 solutions generated by one…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-08-29 Amir Bralin , N. Sanjay Rebello

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has been proposed as a transparency mechanism for large language models in safety-critical deployments, yet its effectiveness depends on faithfulness (whether models accurately verbalize the factors that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Richard J. Young

Large language models (LLMs) typically deploy safety mechanisms to prevent harmful content generation. Most current approaches focus narrowly on risks posed by malicious actors, often framing risks as adversarial events and relying on…

Reasoning language models have shown an uncanny ability to improve performance at test-time by ``thinking longer''-that is, by generating longer chain-of-thought sequences and hence using more compute. However, the length of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Pranjal Aggarwal , Sean Welleck

AI systems that output their reasoning in natural language offer an opportunity for safety -- we can \emph{monitor} their chain of thought (CoT) for undesirable reasoning, such as the pursuit of harmful objectives. However, the extent to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Matt MacDermott , Qiyao Wei , Rada Djoneva , Francis Rhys Ward

We explore how generating a chain of thought -- a series of intermediate reasoning steps -- significantly improves the ability of large language models to perform complex reasoning. In particular, we show how such reasoning abilities emerge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Jason Wei , Xuezhi Wang , Dale Schuurmans , Maarten Bosma , Brian Ichter , Fei Xia , Ed Chi , Quoc Le , Denny Zhou

We sketch how developers of frontier AI systems could construct a structured rationale -- a 'safety case' -- that an AI system is unlikely to cause catastrophic outcomes through scheming. Scheming is a potential threat model where AI…

This work introduces a novel framework for evaluating LLMs' capacity to balance instruction-following with critical reasoning when presented with multiple-choice questions containing no valid answers. Through systematic evaluation across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Gracjan Góral , Emilia Wiśnios , Piotr Sankowski , Paweł Budzianowski

We introduce Rank1, the first reranking model trained to take advantage of test-time compute. Rank1 demonstrates the applicability within retrieval of using a reasoning language model (i.e. OpenAI's o1, Deepseek's R1, etc.) for distillation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Orion Weller , Kathryn Ricci , Eugene Yang , Andrew Yates , Dawn Lawrie , Benjamin Van Durme

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have become powerful tools for complex problem solving, but their structured reasoning pathways can lead to unsafe outputs when exposed to harmful prompts. Existing safety alignment methods reduce harmful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Wonje Jeung , Sangyeon Yoon , Minsuk Kahng , Albert No

Recent trends in test-time scaling for reasoning models (e.g., OpenAI o1, DeepSeek R1) have led to a popular belief that extending thinking traces using prompts like "Wait" or "Let me rethink" can improve performance. This raises a natural…