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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, raising concerns about their security. While jailbreak attacks highlight failures under overtly harmful queries, they overlook a critical risk: incorrectly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yukai Zhou , Sibei Yang , Wenjie Wang

The widespread deployment of large language models (LLMs) has raised growing concerns about their misuse risks and associated safety issues. While prior studies have examined the safety of LLMs in general usage, code generation, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Haoran Gu , Handing Wang , Yi Mei , Mengjie Zhang , Yaochu Jin

Defense in large language models (LLMs) is crucial to counter the numerous attackers exploiting these systems to generate harmful content through manipulated prompts, known as jailbreak attacks. Although many defense strategies have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Bocheng Chen , Hanqing Guo , Qiben Yan

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving from single-modal systems to multimodal LLMs and intelligent agents, significantly expanding their capabilities while introducing increasingly severe security risks. This paper presents a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Yanxu Mao , Tiehan Cui , Peipei Liu , Datao You , Hongsong Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite advanced general capabilities, still suffer from numerous safety risks, especially jailbreak attacks that bypass safety protocols. Understanding these vulnerabilities through black-box jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yao Huang , Yitong Sun , Shouwei Ruan , Yichi Zhang , Yinpeng Dong , Xingxing Wei

In deployment and application, large language models (LLMs) typically undergo safety alignment to prevent illegal and unethical outputs. However, the continuous advancement of jailbreak attack techniques, designed to bypass safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Chuhan Zhang , Ye Zhang , Bowen Shi , Yuyou Gan , Tianyu Du , Shouling Ji , Dazhan Deng , Yingcai Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular for their advanced text generation capabilities across various domains. However, like any software, they face security challenges, including the risk of 'jailbreak' attacks that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Jie Li , Yi Liu , Chongyang Liu , Ling Shi , Xiaoning Ren , Yaowen Zheng , Yang Liu , Yinxing Xue

Despite recent advances, Large Language Models remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass alignment safeguards and elicit harmful outputs. While prior research has proposed various attack strategies differing in human readability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Havva Alizadeh Noughabi , Julien Serbanescu , Fattane Zarrinkalam , Ali Dehghantanha

Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) facilitate a new class of embodied AI systems, where these models are integrated into physical platforms, e.g. robots and autonomous vehicles, to interpret visual scenes and execute natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Doguhuan Yeke , Yanming Zhou , Leo Y. Lin , Hongyu Cai , Antonio Bianchi , Z. Berkay Celik

As Large Language Models (LLMs) of Prompt Jailbreaking are getting more and more attention, it is of great significance to raise a generalized research paradigm to evaluate attack strengths and a basic model to conduct subtler experiments.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Tianyu Zhang , Zixuan Zhao , Jiaqi Huang , Jingyu Hua , Sheng Zhong

Jailbreak attacks represent one of the most sophisticated threats to the security of large language models (LLMs). To deal with such risks, we introduce an innovative framework that can help evaluate the effectiveness of jailbreak attacks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Dong Shu , Chong Zhang , Mingyu Jin , Zihao Zhou , Lingyao Li , Yongfeng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted in a wide range of real-world applications. Despite their impressive performance, recent studies have shown that LLMs are vulnerable to deliberately crafted adversarial prompts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Yige Li , Ye Zhang , Jun Sun

Jailbreaking is an emerging adversarial attack that bypasses the safety alignment deployed in off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs) and has evolved into multiple categories: human-based, optimization-based, generation-based, and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Xunguang Wang , Daoyuan Wu , Zhenlan Ji , Zongjie Li , Pingchuan Ma , Shuai Wang , Yingjiu Li , Yang Liu , Ning Liu , Juergen Rahmel

Integrating large language models (LLMs) into robotic systems has revolutionised embodied artificial intelligence, enabling advanced decision-making and adaptability. However, ensuring reliability, encompassing both security against…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wenxiao Zhang , Xiangrui Kong , Conan Dewitt , Thomas Bräunl , Jin B. Hong

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities in executing complex tasks in a zero-shot manner, they are susceptible to jailbreak attacks and can be manipulated to produce harmful outputs. Recently, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Zhao Xu , Fan Liu , Hao Liu

With the rise of generative large language models (LLMs) like LLaMA and ChatGPT, these models have significantly transformed daily life and work by providing advanced insights. However, as jailbreak attacks continue to circumvent built-in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Wuyuao Mai , Geng Hong , Pei Chen , Xudong Pan , Baojun Liu , Yuan Zhang , Haixin Duan , Min Yang

Jailbreaks on large language models (LLMs) have recently received increasing attention. For a comprehensive assessment of LLM safety, it is essential to consider jailbreaks with diverse attributes, such as contextual coherence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Xingang Guo , Fangxu Yu , Huan Zhang , Lianhui Qin , Bin Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) aligned with human feedback have recently garnered significant attention. However, it remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where adversaries manipulate prompts to induce harmful outputs. Exploring jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Hongyi Li , Jiawei Ye , Jie Wu , Tianjie Yan , Chu Wang , Zhixin Li

Jailbreak attacks on large language models (LLMs) involve inducing these models to generate harmful content that violates ethics or laws, posing a significant threat to LLM security. Current jailbreak attacks face two main challenges: low…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Yuqi Zhou , Lin Lu , Hanchi Sun , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Deep Research (DR) agents built on Large Language Models (LLMs) can perform complex, multi-step research by decomposing tasks, retrieving online information, and synthesizing detailed reports. However, the misuse of LLMs with such powerful…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Shuo Chen , Zonggen Li , Zhen Han , Bailan He , Tong Liu , Haokun Chen , Georg Groh , Philip Torr , Volker Tresp , Jindong Gu