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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) have introduced unprecedented flexibility and adaptability toward smart wireless channels. Recent research on integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems has demonstrated that RIS platforms…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-27 Tara Esmaeilbeig , Kumar Vijay Mishra , Mojtaba Soltanalian

The sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks will rely on ultra-dense multi-cell deployment to meet the high rate and connectivity demands. However, frequency reuse leads to severe inter-cell interference, particularly for cell-edge users,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Shuo Zheng , Shuowen Zhang

This paper proposes a general optimization framework for rate splitting multiple access (RSMA) in beyond diagonal (BD) reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) assisted ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) systems. This…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Mohammad Soleymani , Ignacio Santamaria , Eduard Jorswieck , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising reflective radio technology for improving the coverage and rate of future wireless systems by reconfiguring the wireless propagation environment. The current work mainly focuses on the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Xuelin Cao , Bo Yang , Hongliang Zhang , Chongwen Huang , Chau Yuen , Zhu Han

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has garnered significant research interest recently due to its ability to generalize existing reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) architectures and provide enhanced…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-16 Fu Liu , Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen

Following the promising beamforming gains offered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), a new hardware architecture, known as \emph{beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS)}, has recently been proposed. This architecture enables controllable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-02 Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Emil Björnson

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has attracted considerable attention of both academia and industry in recent years, given its capacity to dynamically manipulate the reflection of incident electromagnetic waves. Although the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Pedro H. C. de Souza , Luciano Mendes

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a newly-emerged technology that might fundamentally change how wireless networks are operated. Though extensively studied in recent years, the practical limitations of RIS are often neglected when…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-12 Parisa Ramezani , Yasaman Khorsandmanesh , Emil Björnson

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) extend conventional diagonal RISs by allowing inter-element coupling, thereby enlarging the set of attainable scattering matrices and improving the achievable signal-to-noise…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Konstantinos Ntougias , Ioannis Krikidis

This paper investigates the integration of beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) into cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) systems, focusing on applications involving simultaneous wireless…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Thien Duc Hua , Mohammadali Mohammadi , Hien Quoc Ngo , Michail Matthaiou

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as a more flexible solution to engineer the wireless propagation channels, thanks to its non-diagonal reflecting matrix. Although the gain of the BD-RIS over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Haijun Zhang

This work focuses on the synergy of rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) and beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) to enlarge the coverage, improve the performance, and save on antennas. Specifically, we employ a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

This letter focuses on a transmitter or base station (BS) side beyond-diagonal reflecting intelligent surface (BD-RIS) deployment strategy to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of a time-division-duplex massive multiple-input…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Anup Mishra , Yijie Mao , Carmen D'Andrea , Stefano Buzzi , Bruno Clerckx

We consider the optimization of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS)-aided multi-user (MU) cell-free (CF)-massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems, where the propagation environment design achieved…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-18 Iván Alexander Morales Sandoval , Marko Fidanovski , Hyeon Seok Rou , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Emil Björnson

This chapter overviews the concept of Smart Wireless Environments (SWEs) motivated by the emerging technology of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs). The operating principles and state-of-the-art hardware architectures of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 George C. Alexandropoulos , Kostantinos D. Katsanos , George Stamatelis , Ioannis Gavras

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an emerging technology allowing to control the propagation environment in wireless communications. Recently, beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) has been proposed to reach higher performance than…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) can realize the interconnection between reflecting elements through the impedance network, thereby providing a new approach for the performance improvement of integrated sensing…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuejun Cheng , Qian Zhang , Yuhui Jiao , Shiyao Guo , Xiaotong Xu , Guanghui Luo , Ju Liu

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a novel branch of RIS which breaks through the limitation of traditional RIS with diagonal scattering matrices. However, the existing research focuses on BD-RIS with fixed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has recently drawn intensive attention due to its potential of simultaneously realizing high spectral and energy efficiency in a sustainable way. This paper focuses on the design of efficient…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Wei Jiang , Hans D. Schotten