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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in various applications, raising critical concerns about fairness and potential biases in their outputs. This paper explores the prioritization of metamorphic relations (MRs) in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Suavis Giramata , Madhusudan Srinivasan , Venkat Naidu Gudivada , Upulee Kanewala

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in enterprise applications, yet their reliability remains limited by hallucinations, i.e., confident but factually incorrect information. Existing detection approaches, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Channdeth Sok , David Luz , Yacine Haddam

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities, yet selecting the most reliable response from multiple LLMs remains a challenge, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Existing approaches often depend on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Aakriti Agrawal , Rohith Aralikatti , Anirudh Satheesh , Souradip Chakraborty , Amrit Singh Bedi , Furong Huang

In software testing, a set of test cases is constructed according to some predefined selection criteria. The software is then examined against these test cases. Three interesting observations have been made on the current artifacts of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-02 T. Y. Chen , S. C. Cheung , S. M. Yiu

Conversational search systems, such as Google Assistant and Microsoft Cortana, enable users to interact with search systems in multiple rounds through natural language dialogues. Evaluating such systems is very challenging given that any…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Zeyang Liu , Ke Zhou , Max L. Wilson

Automated test generation has helped to reduce the cost of software testing. However, developing effective test oracles for these automatically generated test inputs is a challenging task. Therefore, most automated test generation tools use…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Prashanta Saha , Upulee Kanewala

The main limiting factor in the development of robust multilingual dialogue evaluation metrics is the lack of multilingual data and the limited availability of open sourced multilingual dialogue systems. In this work, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-01 John Mendonça , Alon Lavie , Isabel Trancoso

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed as assistants that interact through text and images, making it crucial to evaluate contextual safety when risk depends on both the visual scene and the evolving dialogue.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zheyuan Liu , Dongwhi Kim , Yixin Wan , Xiangchi Yuan , Zhaoxuan Tan , Fengran Mo , Meng Jiang

The increasing adoption of natural language processing (NLP) models across industries has led to practitioners' need for machine learning systems to handle these models efficiently, from training to serving them in production. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Lovre Torbarina , Tin Ferkovic , Lukasz Roguski , Velimir Mihelcic , Bruno Sarlija , Zeljko Kraljevic

The trustworthiness of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) remains an intense concern despite the significant progress in their capabilities. Existing evaluation and mitigation approaches often focus on narrow aspects and overlook…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Yichi Zhang , Yao Huang , Yifan Wang , Yitong Sun , Chang Liu , Zhe Zhao , Zhengwei Fang , Huanran Chen , Xiao Yang , Xingxing Wei , Hang Su , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu

We study the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) for the task of response generation in human-machine dialogue. Several techniques have been proposed in the literature for different dialogue types (e.g., Open-Domain). However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Simone Alghisi , Massimo Rizzoli , Gabriel Roccabruna , Seyed Mahed Mousavi , Giuseppe Riccardi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are conversational interfaces. As such, LLMs have the potential to assist their users not only when they can fully specify the task at hand, but also to help them define, explore, and refine what they need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Philippe Laban , Hiroaki Hayashi , Yingbo Zhou , Jennifer Neville

The exponential growth of social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook has revolutionized textual communication and textual content publication in human society. However, they have been increasingly exploited to propagate toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Wenxuan Wang , Jen-tse Huang , Weibin Wu , Jianping Zhang , Yizhan Huang , Shuqing Li , Pinjia He , Michael Lyu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in multi-turn dialogue. However, in multi-turn dialogue, models still struggle to stay aligned with what has been established earlier, follow dependencies across many turns, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Jiawei Shen , Jia Zhu , Hanghui Guo , Weijie Shi , Yue Cui , Qingyu Niu , Guoqing Ma , Yidan Liang , Jingjiang Liu , Yiling Wang , Shimin Di , Jiajie Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated powerful capabilities that render them valuable in different applications, including conversational AI products. It is paramount to ensure the security and reliability of these products by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Melissa Kazemi Rad , Huy Nghiem , Andy Luo , Sahil Wadhwa , Mohammad Sorower , Stephen Rawls

As Vision-Language Models (VLMs) move into interactive, multi-turn use, safety concerns intensify for multimodal multi-turn dialogue, which is characterized by concealment of malicious intent, contextual risk accumulation, and cross-modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Guolei Huang , Qinzhi Peng , Gan Xu , Yao Huang , Yuxuan Lu , Yongjun Shen

Artificial intelligence has demonstrated significant potential in clinical decision-making; however, developing models capable of adapting to diverse real-world scenarios and performing complex diagnostic reasoning remains a major…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Ronghao Xu , Zhen Huang , Yangbo Wei , Xiaoqian Zhou , Zikang Xu , Ting Liu , Zihang Jiang , S. Kevin Zhou

Due to the migration megatrend, efficient and effective second-language acquisition is vital. One proposed solution involves AI-enabled conversational agents for person-centered interactive language practice. We present results from ongoing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Markus Borg , Johan Bengtsson , Harald Österling , Alexander Hagelborn , Isabella Gagner , Piotr Tomaszewski

Metamorphic testing is a popular approach that aims to alleviate the oracle problem in software testing. At the core of this approach are Metamorphic Relations (MRs), specifying properties that hold among multiple test inputs and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jon Ayerdi , Valerio Terragni , Gunel Jahangirova , Aitor Arrieta , Paolo Tonella

In mutation testing, the quality of a test suite is evaluated by introducing faults into a program and determining whether the program's tests detect them. Most existing approaches for mutation testing involve the application of a fixed set…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Frank Tip , Jonathan Bell , Max Schaefer