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Related papers: MIETT: Multi-Instance Encrypted Traffic Transforme…

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Encrypted traffic classification requires discriminative and robust traffic representation captured from content-invisible and imbalanced traffic data for accurate classification, which is challenging but indispensable to achieve network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Zhen Li , Junzheng Shi , Jing Yu

With the growing significance of network security, the classification of encrypted traffic has emerged as an urgent challenge. Traditional byte-based traffic analysis methods are constrained by the rigid granularity of information and fail…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Haozhen Zhang , Haodong Yue , Xi Xiao , Le Yu , Qing Li , Zhen Ling , Ye Zhang

Network traffic classification using pre-training models has shown promising results, but existing methods struggle to capture packet structural characteristics, flow-level behaviors, hierarchical protocol semantics, and inter-packet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Liming Liu , Ruoyu Li , Qing Li , Meijia Hou , Yong Jiang , Mingwei Xu

Modern networks carry increasingly diverse and encrypted traffic types that demand classification techniques beyond traditional port-based and payload-based methods. This tutorial provides a practical, end-to-end guide to building…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Adrian Pekar , Richard Plny , Karel Hynek

Internet traffic classification has become more important with rapid growth of current Internet network and online applications. There have been numerous studies on this topic which have led to many different approaches. Most of these…

As modern networks grow increasingly complex--driven by diverse devices, encrypted protocols, and evolving threats--network traffic analysis has become critically important. Existing machine learning models often rely only on a single…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Binghui Wu , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Mohan Gurusamy

Classifying network traffic is the basis for important network applications. Prior research in this area has faced challenges on the availability of representative datasets, and many of the results cannot be readily reproduced. Such a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Onur Barut , Yan Luo , Tong Zhang , Weigang Li , Peilong Li

Network traffic classification using self-supervised pre-training models based on Masked Autoencoders (MAE) has demonstrated a huge potential. However, existing methods are confined to isolated byte-level reconstruction of individual flows,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Xiao Liu , Xiaowei Fu , Fuxiang Huang , Lei Zhang

Traffic classification, a technique for assigning network flows to predefined categories, has been widely deployed in enterprise and carrier networks. With the massive adoption of mobile devices, encryption is increasingly used in mobile…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Kun Qiu , Ying Wang , Baoqian Li , Wenjun Zhu

The classification of IoT traffic is important to improve the efficiency and security of IoT-based networks. As the state-of-the-art classification methods are based on Deep Learning, most of the current results require a large amount of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Bruna Bazaluk , Mosab Hamdan , Mustafa Ghaleb , Mohammed S. M. Gismalla , Flavio S. Correa da Silva , Daniel Macêdo Batista

All data on the Internet are transferred by network traffic, thus accurately modeling network traffic can help improve network services quality and protect data privacy. Pretrained models for network traffic can utilize large-scale raw data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Xuying Meng , Chungang Lin , Yequan Wang , Yujun Zhang

Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of transformer models in NLP, and image and video classification, the available tools for extracting features from captured IoT network flow packets fail to capture sequential patterns in addition to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Hassan Wasswa , Timothy Lynar , Aziida Nanyonga , Hussein Abbass

Monitoring network traffic to identify content, services, and applications is an active research topic in network traffic control systems. While modern firewalls provide the capability to decrypt packets, this is not appealing for privacy…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Niloofar Bayat , Weston Jackson , Derrick Liu

Encrypted traffic classification plays a critical role in network security and management. Currently, mining deep patterns from side-channel contents and plaintext fields through neural networks is a major solution. However, existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Susu Cui , Xueying Han , Dongqi Han , Zhiliang Wang , Weihang Wang , Yun Li , Bo Jiang , Baoxu Liu , Zhigang Lu

In computer networking, network traffic refers to the amount of data transmitted in the form of packets between internetworked computers or Cyber-Physical Systems. Monitoring and analyzing network traffic is crucial for ensuring the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Chen Qian , Xiaochang Li , Qineng Wang , Gang Zhou , Huajie Shao

In many interesting cases, the application of machine learning is hindered by data having a complicated structure stimulated by a structured file-formats like JSONs, XMLs, or ProtoBuffers, which is non-trivial to convert to a vector /…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Tomas Pevny , Marek Dedic

The proliferation of Internet-of-things (IoT) infrastructures and the widespread adoption of traffic encryption present significant challenges, particularly in environments characterized by dynamic traffic patterns, constrained…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Hongjuan Li , Hui Kang , Chenbang Liu , Ruolin Wang , Jiahui Li , Geng Sun , Jiacheng Wang , Shuang Liang , Shiwen Mao

Traffic prediction aims to forecast future traffic conditions using historical traffic data, serving a crucial role in urban computing and transportation management. While transfer learning and federated learning have been employed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhihao Zeng , Ziquan Fang , Yuting Huang , Lu Chen , Yunjun Gao

Encrypted traffic classification is the task of identifying the application or service associated with encrypted network traffic. One effective approach for this task is to use deep learning methods to encode the raw traffic bytes directly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Wei Peng , Lei Cui , Wei Cai , Zhenquan Ding , Zhiyu Hao , Xiaochun Yun

In this paper, we present a novel encrypted traffic classification model that operates directly on raw PCAP data without requiring prior assumptions about traffic type. Unlike existing methods, it is generalizable across multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Federica Bianchi , Edoardo Di Paolo , Angelo Spognardi
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