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Network traffic, as a key media format, is crucial for ensuring security and communications in modern internet infrastructure. While existing methods offer excellent performance, they face two key bottlenecks: (1) They fail to capture…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Longgang Zhang , Xiaowei Fu , Fuxiang Huang , Lei Zhang

Network traffic refers to the amount of data being sent and received over the Internet or any system that connects computers. Analyzing network traffic is vital for security and management, yet remains challenging due to the heterogeneity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Xiaochang Li , Chen Qian , Qineng Wang , Jiangtao Kong , Yuchen Wang , Ziyu Yao , Bo Ji , Long Cheng , Gang Zhou , Huajie Shao

Internet of Things (IoT) defines a network of devices connected to the internet and sharing a massive amount of data between each other and a central location. These IoT devices are connected to a network therefore prone to attacks. Various…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Muhammad Basit Umair , Zeshan Iqbal , Muhammad Bilal , Tarik Adnan Almohamad , Jamel Nebhen , Raja Majid Mehmood

In recent years, sequence features such as packet length have received considerable attention due to their central role in encrypted traffic analysis. Existing sequence modeling approaches can be broadly categorized into flow-level and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Youquan Xian , Xueying Zeng , Aoxiang Zhou , Jinqiao Shi , Zhiyu Hao , Lei Cui , Peng Liu

Traffic classification has been studied for two decades and applied to a wide range of applications from QoS provisioning and billing in ISPs to security-related applications in firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Port-based, data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Shahbaz Rezaei , Xin Liu

Modern transportation network modeling increasingly involves the integration of diverse methodologies including sensor-based forecasting, reinforcement learning, classical flow optimization, and demand modeling that have traditionally been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-08 Xuesong , Zhou , Taehooie Kim , Mostafa Ameli , Henan , Zhu , Yu- dai Honma , Ram M. Pendyala

The adoption of modern encryption protocols such as TLS 1.3 has significantly challenged traditional network traffic classification (NTC) methods. As a consequence, researchers are increasingly turning to machine learning (ML) approaches to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Nimesha Wickramasinghe , Arash Shaghaghi , Gene Tsudik , Sanjay Jha

Traffic congestion has significant impacts on both the economy and the environment. Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs) have long been the standard for evaluating traffic intersections' level of service and operational efficiency. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Nooshin Yousefzadeh , Rahul Sengupta , Yashaswi Karnati , Anand Rangarajan , Sanjay Ranka

Modeling network traffic is gaining importance in order to counter modern threats of ever increasing sophistication. It is though surprisingly difficult and costly to construct reliable classifiers on top of telemetry data due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Tomas Pevny , Petr Somol

Although traffic prediction has been receiving considerable attention with a number of successes in the context of intelligent transportation systems, the prediction of traffic states over a complex transportation network that contains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Zilin Bian , Jingqin Gao , Kaan Ozbay , Zhenning Li

Pre-trained models operating directly on raw bytes have achieved promising performance in encrypted network traffic classification (NTC), but often suffer from shortcut learning-relying on spurious correlations that fail to generalize to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Chuyi Wang , Xiaohui Xie , Tongze Wang , Yong Cui

End-to-end encryption is a powerful tool for protecting the privacy of Internet users. Together with the increasing use of technologies such as Tor, VPNs, and encrypted messaging, it is becoming increasingly difficult for network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Tobias Pulls , Ethan Witwer

The traffic assignment problem is essential for traffic flow analysis, traditionally solved using mathematical programs under the Equilibrium principle. These methods become computationally prohibitive for large-scale networks due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Mostafa Ameli , Sulthana Shams , Van Anh Le , Alexander Skabardonis

Network traffic classification is an important part of network monitoring and network management. Three traditional methods for network traffic classification are flow-based, session-based, and packet-based, while flow-based and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yahui Hu , Ziqian Zeng , Junping Song , Luyang Xu , Xu Zhou

Efficient prediction of internet traffic is an essential part of Self Organizing Network (SON) for ensuring proactive management. There are many existing solutions for internet traffic prediction with higher accuracy using deep learning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Sajal Saha , Anwar Haque , Greg Sidebottom

Machine learning models have demonstrated strong performance in classifying network traffic and identifying Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, enabling operators to discover and manage IoT assets at scale. However, many existing approaches…

The Internet of Things (IoT) has witnessed unprecedented growth, resulting in a massive influx of diverse network traffic from interconnected devices. Effectively classifying this network traffic is crucial for optimizing resource…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Jawad Hussain Kalwar , Sania Bhatti

In contrast with previous approaches where information flows only towards deeper layers of a stack, we consider a multi-pass transformer (MPT) architecture in which earlier layers are allowed to process information in light of the output of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Peng Gao , Chiori Hori , Shijie Geng , Takaaki Hori , Jonathan Le Roux

Accurately imputing traffic flow at unsensed locations is difficult: loop detectors provide precise but sparse measurements, speed from probe vehicles is widely available yet only weakly correlated with flow, and nearby links often exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Mohammadmahdi Rahimiasl , Ynte Vanderhoydonc , Siegfried Mercelis

Traffic flow prediction plays an important role in Intelligent Transportation Systems in traffic management and urban planning. There have been extensive successful works in this area. However, these approaches focus only on modelling the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Li Shijiao , Ma Zhipeng , He Huajun , Chen Haiyue