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We consider a variant of reachability in Vector Addition Systems (VAS) dubbed \emph{box reachability}, whereby a vector $v\in \mathbb{N}^d$ is box-reachable from $0$ in a VAS $V$ if $V$ admits a path from $0$ to $v$ that not only stays in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Shaull Almagor , Itay Hasson , Michał Pilipczuk , Michael Zaslavski

This paper studies reachability, coverability and inclusion problems for Integer Vector Addition Systems with States (ZVASS) and extensions and restrictions thereof. A ZVASS comprises a finite-state controller with a finite number of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-10-01 Christoph Haase , Simon Halfon

Despite recent progress which settled the complexity of the reachability problem for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASSes) as being Ackermann-complete we still lack much understanding for that problem. A striking example is the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Wojciech Czerwiński , Adam Jędrych

Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS), equivalent to Petri nets, are a well-established model of concurrency. The central algorithmic challenge in VASS is the reachability problem: is there a run from a given starting state and counter…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Dmitry Chistikov , Wojciech Czerwiński , Filip Mazowiecki , Łukasz Orlikowski , Henry Sinclair-Banks , Karol Węgrzycki

We propose a new pumping technique for 2-dimensional vector addition systems with states (2-VASS) building on natural geometric properties of runs. We illustrate its applicability by reproving an exponential bound on the length of the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Wojciech Czerwiński , Sławomir Lasota , Christof Löding , Radosław Piórkowski

We consider the model of one-dimensional Pushdown Vector Addition Systems (1-PVAS), a fundamental computational model simulating both recursive and concurrent behaviours. Our main result is decidability of the reachability problem for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Clotilde Bizière , Wojciech Czerwiński

The reachability problem for Vector Addition Systems (VASs) is a central problem of net theory. The general problem is known to be decidable by algorithms exclusively based on the classical Kosaraju-Lambert-Mayr-Sacerdote-Tenney…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 leroux jerome

We investigate the parameterised complexity of the classic coverability problem for vector addition systems (VAS): given a finite set of vectors $V \subseteq\mathbb{Z}^d$, an initial configuration $s\in\mathbb{N}^d$, and a target…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Michał Pilipczuk , Sylvain Schmitz , Henry Sinclair-Banks

This note is a product of digestion of the famous proof of decidability of the reachability problem for vector addition systems with states (VASS), as first established by Mayr in 1981 and then simplified by Kosaraju in 1982. The note is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Sławomir Lasota

Blondin et al. showed at LICS 2015 that two-dimensional vector addition systems with states have reachability witnesses of length exponential in the number of states and polynomial in the norm of vectors. The resulting guess-and-verify…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-05-09 Matthias Englert , Ranko Lazić , Patrick Totzke

In this paper we consider the reachability problem for bounded branching VASS. Bounded VASS are a variant of the classic VASS model where all values in all configurations are upper bounded by a fixed natural number, encoded in binary in the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Filip Mazowiecki , Michał Pilipczuk

Vector addition systems with states (VASS) are widely used for the formal verification of concurrent systems. Given their tremendous computational complexity, practical approaches have relied on techniques such as reachability relaxations,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Michael Blondin , Mikhail Raskin

The reachability problem for vector addition systems is a central problem of net theory. This problem is known to be decidable but the complexity is still unknown. Whereas the problem is EXPSPACE-hard, no elementary upper bounds complexity…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-11 Jérôme Leroux

Vector addition systems with states (VASS) are a popular model for concurrent systems. However, many decision problems have prohibitively high complexity. Therefore, it is sometimes useful to consider overapproximating semantics in which…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Pascal Baumann , Khushraj Madnani , Filip Mazowiecki , Georg Zetzsche

Seminal results establish that the coverability problem for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS) is in EXPSPACE (Rackoff, '78) and is EXPSPACE-hard already under unary encodings (Lipton, '76). More precisely, Rosier and Yen later…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Marvin Künnemann , Filip Mazowiecki , Lia Schütze , Henry Sinclair-Banks , Karol Węgrzycki

A complete characterization of the complexity of the reachability problem for vector addition system has been open for a long time. The problem is shown to be Tower complete.

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Yuxi Fu , Qizhe Yang

We study a class of reachability problems in weighted graphs with constraints on the accumulated weight of paths. The problems we study can equivalently be formulated in the model of vector addition systems with states (VASS). We consider a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Shaull Almagor , Nathann Cohen , Guillermo A. Pérez , Mahsa Shirmohammadi , James Worrell

We study languages of unambiguous VASS, that is, Vector Addition Systems with States, whose transitions read letters from a finite alphabet, and whose acceptance condition is defined by a set of final states (i.e., the coverability…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Wojciech Czerwiński , Diego Figueira , Piotr Hofman

More than 30 years after their inception, the decidability proofs for reachability in vector addition systems (VAS) still retain much of their mystery. These proofs rely crucially on a decomposition of runs successively refined by Mayr,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-08-11 Jérôme Leroux , Sylvain Schmitz

In this paper, the reachability of dimension-bounded linear systems is investigated.Since state dimensions of dimension-bounded linear systems vary with time, the expression of state dimension at each time is provided.A method for judging…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Yiliang Li , Haitao Li , Jun-e Feng , Jinjin Li