Related papers: Transformer models are gauge invariant: A mathemat…
We consider in detail the problem of gauge dependence that exists in relativistic perturbation theory, going beyond the linear approximation and treating second and higher order perturbations. We first derive some mathematical results…
We consider two concepts often discussed as significant features of general relativity (particularly when contrasted with the other forces of the Standard Model): background independence and diffeomorphism invariance. We remind the reader…
We study the gauge invariant cosmological perturbations up to second order. We show that there are infinite families of gauge invariant variables at both of the first and second orders. The conversion formulae among different families are…
There is considered an extension of gauge theories according to the assumption of a generalized uncertainty principle which implies a minimal length scale. A modification of the usual uncertainty principle implies an extended shape of…
Gauging and duality transformations, two of the most useful tools in many-body physics, are shown to be equivalent up to constant depth quantum circuits in the case of one-dimensional quantum lattice models. This is demonstrated by making…
In a traditional gauge theory, the matter fields \phi^a and the gauge fields A^c_\mu are fundamental objects of the theory. The traditional gauge field is similar to the connection coefficient in the Riemannian geometry covariant…
I argue that the laws of physics should be independent of one's choice of units or measuring apparatus. This is the case if they are framed in terms of dimensionless numbers such as the fine structure constant, alpha. For example, the…
We investigate gauge invariance against phase space shifting in nonequilibrium systems, as represented by time-dependent many-body Hamiltonians that drive an initial ensemble out of thermal equilibrium. The theory gives rise to gauge…
Envariance -- entanglement assisted invariance -- is a recently discovered symmetry of composite quantum systems. We show that thermodynamic equilibrium states are fully characterized by their envariance. In particular, the microcanonical…
We study deterministic and quantum dynamics from a constructive "finite" point of view, since the introduction of a continuum, or other actual infinities in physics poses serious conceptual and technical difficulties, without any need for…
A fibre bundle viewpoint of gauge field theories is reviewed with focus on a possible quantum interpretation. The fundamental quantum properties of non-separability of state spaces is considered in the context of defining the connection on…
Soon after the Yang-Mills work, the gauge invariance became one of the basic principles in the elementary particles theory. The gauge invariance idea is that Lagrangian has to be invariant not only with respect to the coordinates…
We present a reformulation of the $U(1)$ gauge theory by eliminating the redundancy inherent in the conventional approach. Our reformulation is constructed on the basis of local field interaction approach to electrodynamics. The gauge…
The gauge principle is a cornerstone of particle-physics model building. Nevertheless, many constructions leave certain global $U(1)$ redundancies ungauged. In this work, we take the gauge principle to its logical extreme by promoting all…
Modern undergraduate textbooks in electricity and magnetism typically focus on a force representation of electrodynamics with an emphasis on Maxwell's Equations and the Lorentz Force Law. The vector potential $\mathbf{A}$ and scalar…
Contrary to the conventional view point of quantization that breaks the gauge symmetry, a gauge invariant formulation of quantum electrodynamics is proposed. Instead of fixing the gauge, some frame is chosen to yield the locally invariant…
Modern theories of fundamental interactions describe strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions as quantum field theories with certain kinds of embedded internal symmetries called `gauge symmetries'. This article introduces quantum field…
In classical mechanics, we can describe the dynamics of a given system using either the Lagrangian formalism or the Hamiltonian formalism, the choice of either one being determined by whether one wants to deal with a second degree…
In unified field theories with more than four dimensions, the form of the equations of physics in spacetime depends in general on the choice of coordinates in higher dimensions. The reason is that the group of coordinate transformations in…
Linearity allows several versions of reality to simultaneously exist in the state vector. But it implies that there is no interaction between versions, and that there will never be perception of more than one version. It also implies, in…