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The ever-increasing computation and energy demand for LLM and AI agents call for holistic and efficient optimization of LLM serving systems. In practice, heterogeneous GPU clusters can be deployed in a geographically distributed manner,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Xuan He , Zequan Fang , Jinzhao Lian , Danny H. K. Tsang , Baosen Zhang , Yize Chen

Recent breakthroughs in Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on various tasks. The immense sizes of LLMs have led to very high resource demand and cost for running the models. Though the models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Juntao Zhao , Borui Wan , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Chuan Wu

The significant resource demands in LLM serving prompts production clusters to fully utilize heterogeneous hardware by partitioning LLM models across a mix of high-end and low-end GPUs. However, existing parallelization approaches often…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Zizhao Mo , Jianxiong Liao , Huanle Xu , Zhi Zhou , Chengzhong Xu

Serverless Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a cost-effective solution for deploying AI services by enabling a 'pay-as-you-go' pricing model through GPU resource sharing. However, cold-start latency, especially the model loading…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wenbin Zhu , Zhaoyan Shen , Zili Shao , Hongjun Dai , Feng Chen

Large language models (LLMs) require vast amounts of GPU compute to train, but limited availability and high costs of GPUs make homogeneous clusters impractical for many organizations. Instead, assembling heterogeneous clusters by pooling…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Runsheng Benson Guo , Utkarsh Anand , Khuzaima Daudjee , Rathijit Sen

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to increasingly diverse requests, accompanied with varying resource (compute and memory) demands to serve them. However, this in turn degrades the cost-efficiency of LLM serving…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Youhe Jiang , Fangcheng Fu , Xiaozhe Yao , Guoliang He , Xupeng Miao , Ana Klimovic , Bin Cui , Binhang Yuan , Eiko Yoneki

The rise of LLMs has driven demand for private serverless deployments, characterized by moderate-sized models and infrequent requests. While existing serverless solutions follow exclusive GPU allocation, we take a step back to explore…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Chuhao Xu , Zijun Li , Quan Chen , Han Zhao , Xueyan Tang , Minyi Guo

Deploying a large language model (LLM) inference service remains costly because centralized serving depends on specialized GPU clusters and high-bandwidth interconnects in datacenters. An appealing alternative is to leverage collaborative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Chris Tong , Youhe Jiang , Gufeng Chen , Tianyi Zhao , Sibian Lu , Wenjie Qu , Eric Yang , Lynn Ai , Binhang Yuan

Serverless computing has grown rapidly for serving Large Language Model (LLM) inference due to its pay-as-you-go pricing, fine-grained GPU usage, and rapid scaling. However, our analysis reveals that current serverless can effectively serve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yifan Sui , Hao Wang , Hanfei Yu , Yitao Hu , Jianxun Li , Hao Wang

Both the training and use of Large Language Models (LLMs) require large amounts of energy. Their increasing popularity, therefore, raises critical concerns regarding the energy efficiency and sustainability of data centers that host them.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Grant Wilkins , Srinivasan Keshav , Richard Mortier

RAPID-LLM is a unified performance modeling framework for large language model (LLM) training and inference on GPU clusters. It couples a DeepFlow-based frontend that generates hardware-aware, operator-level Chakra execution traces from an…

This article presents an automatic approach to quickly derive a good solution for hardware resource partition and task granularity for task-based parallel applications on heterogeneous many-core architectures. Our approach employs a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Peng Zhang , Jianbin Fang , Canqun Yang , Chun Huang , Tao Tang , Zheng Wang

This paper presents ServerlessLLM, a distributed system designed to support low-latency serverless inference for Large Language Models (LLMs). By harnessing the substantial near-GPU storage and memory capacities of inference servers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Yao Fu , Leyang Xue , Yeqi Huang , Andrei-Octavian Brabete , Dmitrii Ustiugov , Yuvraj Patel , Luo Mai

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used but expensive to run, especially as inference workloads grow. To lower costs, maximizing the request batch size by managing GPU memory efficiently is crucial. While PagedAttention has recently…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Chen Zhang , Kuntai Du , Shu Liu , Woosuk Kwon , Xiangxi Mo , Yufeng Wang , Xiaoxuan Liu , Kaichao You , Zhuohan Li , Mingsheng Long , Jidong Zhai , Joseph Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

In this paper, we propose SmartFreeze, a framework that effectively reduces the memory footprint by conducting the training in a progressive manner. Instead of updating the full model in each training round, SmartFreeze divides the shared…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Wu Yebo , Li Li , Tian Chunlin , Chang Tao , Lin Chi , Wang Cong , Xu Cheng-Zhong

Efficient LLM inference is critical for real-world applications, especially within heterogeneous GPU clusters commonly found in organizations and on-premise datacenters as GPU architecture rapidly evolves. Current disaggregated prefill…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yunzhao Liu , Qiang Xu , Y. Charlie Hu

As large language models (LLMs) continue to scale and new GPUs are released even more frequently, there is an increasing demand for LLM post-training in heterogeneous environments to fully leverage underutilized mid-range or…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yongjun He , Shuai Zhang , Jiading Gai , Xiyuan Zhang , Boran Han , Bernie Wang , Huzefa Rangwala , George Karypis

Integrating GPUs into serverless computing platforms is crucial for improving efficiency. However, existing solutions for GPU-enabled serverless computing platforms face two significant problems due to coarse-grained GPU management: long…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Han Zhao , Weihao Cui , Quan Chen , Shulai Zhang , Zijun Li , Jingwen Leng , Chao Li , Deze Zeng , Minyi Guo

In today's Function-as-a-Service offerings, a programmer is usually responsible for configuring function memory for its successful execution, which allocates proportional function resources such as CPU and network. However, right-sizing the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Siddharth Agarwal , Maria A. Rodriguez , Rajkumar Buyya

Multi-model LLM routing has emerged as an effective approach for reducing serving cost and latency while maintaining output quality by assigning each prompt to an appropriate model. However, prior routing methods typically assume that each…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hossein Hosseini Kasnavieh , Christopher Leckie , Adel N. Toosi
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