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Modern deployment of large language models (LLMs) frequently involves both inference serving and continuous retraining to stay aligned with evolving data and user feedback. Common practices separate these workloads onto distinct servers in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yufei Li , Zexin Li , Yinglun Zhu , Cong Liu

While the large energy consumption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is recognized by the community, system operators lack guidance for energy-efficient LLM inference deployments that leverage energy trade-offs of heterogeneous hardware due…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Mauricio Fadel Argerich , Jonathan Fürst , Marta Patiño-Martínez

Training large language models (LLMs) is a computationally intensive task, which is typically conducted in data centers with homogeneous high-performance GPUs. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach by deploying training…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Ran Yan , Youhe Jiang , Xiaonan Nie , Fangcheng Fu , Bin Cui , Binhang Yuan

This paper presents Block, a distributed scheduling framework designed to optimize load balancing and auto-provisioning across instances in large language model serving frameworks by leveraging contextual information from incoming requests.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Wei Da , Evangelia Kalyvianaki

In cloud machine learning (ML) inference systems, providing low latency to end-users is of utmost importance. However, maximizing server utilization and system throughput is also crucial for ML service providers as it helps lower the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Yunseong Kim , Yujeong Choi , Minsoo Rhu

Modern distributed machine learning (ML) training workloads benefit significantly from leveraging GPUs. However, significant contention ensues when multiple such workloads are run atop a shared cluster of GPUs. A key question is how to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Kshiteej Mahajan , Arjun Balasubramanian , Arjun Singhvi , Shivaram Venkataraman , Aditya Akella , Amar Phanishayee , Shuchi Chawla

Multi-tenant machine learning services have become emerging data-intensive workloads in data centers with heavy usage of GPU resources. Due to the large scale, many tuning parameters and heavy resource usage, it is usually impractical to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Ruofan Liang , Bingsheng He , Shengen Yan , Peng Sun

This review report discusses the cold start latency in serverless inference and existing solutions. It particularly reviews the ServerlessLLM method, a system designed to address the cold start problem in serverless inference for large…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Himel Ghosh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming critical infrastructure for enterprise applications, driving unprecedented demand for GPU-based inference services. A key operational challenge arises from the two-phase nature of LLM…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Ruihan Lin , Zezhen Ding , Zean Han , Jiheng Zhang

In recent times, the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has resulted in increasingly larger model size, posing challenges for inference on low-resource devices. Prior approaches have explored offloading to facilitate low-memory…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Xuanlei Zhao , Bin Jia , Haotian Zhou , Ziming Liu , Shenggan Cheng , Yang You

Nowadays, many companies possess various types of AI accelerators, forming heterogeneous clusters. Efficiently leveraging these clusters for high-throughput large language model (LLM) inference services can significantly reduce costs and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yi Xiong , Jinqi Huang , Wenjie Huang , Xuebing Yu , Entong Li , Zhixiong Ning , Jinhua Zhou , Li Zeng , Xin Chen

Training transformer models requires substantial GPU compute and memory resources. In homogeneous clusters, distributed strategies allocate resources evenly, but this approach is inefficient for heterogeneous clusters, where GPUs differ in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Runsheng Benson Guo , Utkarsh Anand , Arthur Chen , Khuzaima Daudjee

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in sequence modeling and text generation, with improvements scaling proportionally with model size. However, the limitations of GPU memory have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zihao Zeng , Chubo Liu , Xin He , Juan Hu , Yong Jiang , Fei Huang , Kenli Li , Wei Yang Bryan Lim

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) with limited hardware presents challenges due to GPU memory constraints. Various distributed fine-tuning methods have been proposed to alleviate memory constraints on GPU. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Taeho Kim , Yanming Wang , Vatshank Chaturvedi , Lokesh Gupta , Seyeon Kim , Yongin Kwon , Sangtae Ha

Large language models~(LLMs) are known for their high demand on computing resources and memory due to their substantial model size, which leads to inefficient inference on moderate GPU systems. Techniques like quantization or pruning can…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Wenxiang Lin , Xinglin Pan , Shaohuai Shi , Xuan Wang , Xiaowen Chu

Sizing a GPU fleet for LLM inference is harder than it looks. The obvious questions -- how many GPUs, which type, where to split a two-pool fleet -- have no closed-form answers. They depend on the full token-length distribution, the routing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Huamin Chen , Xunzhuo Liu , Yuhan Liu , Junchen Jiang , Bowei He , Xue Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown progress in GPU kernel performance engineering using inefficient search-based methods that optimize around runtime. Any existing approach lacks a key characteristic that human performance engineers…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Arya Tschand , Muhammad Awad , Ryan Swann , Kesavan Ramakrishnan , Jeffrey Ma , Keith Lowery , Ganesh Dasika , Vijay Janapa Reddi

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into many online services, yet they remain cost-prohibitive to deploy due to the requirement of expensive GPU instances. Prior work has addressed the high cost of LLM serving by…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Tyler Griggs , Xiaoxuan Liu , Jiaxiang Yu , Doyoung Kim , Wei-Lin Chiang , Alvin Cheung , Ion Stoica

Deploying large language model (LLM) inference at scale requires jointly selecting base models, provisioning heterogeneous GPUs, configuring parallelism, and distributing workloads under tight latency, accuracy, and budget constraints.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiaming Cheng , Duong Tung Nguyen

The increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates inference serving systems that can deliver both high throughput and low latency. Deploying LLMs with hundreds of billions of parameters on memory-constrained GPUs exposes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Bowen Pang , Kai Li , Feifan Wang