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The integration of artificial intelligence into business processes has significantly enhanced decision-making capabilities across various industries such as finance, healthcare, and retail. However, explaining the decisions made by these AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Arne Grobrugge , Nidhi Mishra , Johannes Jakubik , Gerhard Satzger

Transformers increasingly dominate the machine learning landscape across many tasks and domains, which increases the importance for understanding their outputs. While their attention modules provide partial insight into their inner…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Moritz Böhle , Mario Fritz , Bernt Schiele

Explainable AI (XAI) is an active research area to interpret a neural network's decision by ensuring transparency and trust in the task-specified learned models. Recently, perturbation-based model analysis has shown better interpretation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Mahesh Sudhakar , Sam Sattarzadeh , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis , Jongseong Jang , Yeonjeong Jeong , Hyunwoo Kim

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has gained importance in interpreting model predictions. Among leading techniques for XAI, Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) is most frequently utilized as it notably helps…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Jeongmin Rhee , Changhee Lee , DongHwa Shin , Bohyoung Kim

Although transformers have become the neural architectures of choice for natural language processing, they require orders of magnitude more training data, GPU memory, and computations in order to compete with convolutional neural networks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Pranav Jeevan , Amit Sethi

Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly developed through advancements in computational power and the growth of massive datasets. However, this progress has also heightened challenges in interpreting the "black-box" nature of AI models. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Shilin Sun , Wenbin An , Feng Tian , Fang Nan , Qidong Liu , Jun Liu , Nazaraf Shah , Ping Chen

AI systems' ability to explain their reasoning is critical to their utility and trustworthiness. Deep neural networks have enabled significant progress on many challenging problems such as visual question answering (VQA). However, most of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Jialin Wu , Raymond J. Mooney

Vision Transformers (ViTs) are becoming more popular and dominating technique for various vision tasks, compare to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). As a demanding technique in computer vision, ViTs have been successfully solved various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Khawar Islam

Despite the fact that Artificial Intelligence (AI) has boosted the achievement of remarkable results across numerous data analysis tasks, however, this is typically accompanied by a significant shortcoming in the exhibited transparency and…

Effectiveness and interpretability are two essential properties for trustworthy AI systems. Most recent studies in visual reasoning are dedicated to improving the accuracy of predicted answers, and less attention is paid to explaining the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Shi Chen , Qi Zhao

Pretrained Vision Transformers (ViTs) such as DINOv2 and MAE provide generic image features that can be applied to a variety of downstream tasks such as retrieval, classification, and segmentation. However, such representations tend to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Jona Ruthardt , Manu Gaur , Deva Ramanan , Makarand Tapaswi , Yuki M. Asano

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for computer vision sometimes struggle with understanding images in a global context, as they mainly focus on local patterns. On the other hand, Vision Transformers (ViTs), inspired by models originally…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Dimitrios N. Vlachogiannis , Dimitrios A. Koutsomitropoulos

Recently, Vision Transformer (ViT) has achieved promising performance in image recognition and gradually serves as a powerful backbone in various vision tasks. To satisfy the sequential input of Transformer, the tail of ViT first splits…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Yunke Wang , Bo Du , Wenyuan Wang , Chang Xu

In recent years, deep learning has achieved unprecedented success in various computer vision tasks, particularly in object detection. However, the black-box nature and high complexity of deep neural networks pose significant challenges for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 FatemehSadat Seyedmomeni , Mohammad Ali Keyvanrad

The Vision Transformer (ViT) architecture has established its place in computer vision literature, however, training ViTs for RGB-D object recognition remains an understudied topic, viewed in recent literature only through the lens of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Georgios Tziafas , Hamidreza Kasaei

In this paper I argue that the search for explainable models and interpretable decisions in AI must be reformulated in terms of the broader project of offering a pragmatic and naturalistic account of understanding in AI. Intuitively, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Andrés Páez

Mechanistic interpretability improves the safety, reliability, and robustness of large AI models. This study examined individual attention heads in vision transformers (ViTs) fine tuned on distorted 2D spectrogram images containing non…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Nooshin Bahador

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have shown strong empirical performance on high-dimensional medical imaging data, yet their behavior under survival objectives and the interpretability of their attention mechanisms remain poorly understood. Under…

Medical Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Qiyuan Shi , Yi Li

Tokens or patches within Vision Transformers (ViT) lack essential semantic information, unlike their counterparts in natural language processing (NLP). Typically, ViT tokens are associated with rectangular image patches that lack specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Young Kyung Kim , J. Matías Di Martino , Guillermo Sapiro

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have recently become the state-of-the-art across many computer vision tasks. In contrast to convolutional networks (CNNs), ViTs enable global information sharing even within shallow layers of a network, i.e.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Jongwoo Park , Kumara Kahatapitiya , Donghyun Kim , Shivchander Sudalairaj , Quanfu Fan , Michael S. Ryoo