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Class imbalance and noisy labels are the norm rather than the exception in many large-scale classification datasets. Nevertheless, most works in machine learning typically assume balanced and clean data. There have been some recent attempts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Shyamgopal Karthik , Jérome Revaud , Boris Chidlovskii

Long-tailed datasets are very frequently encountered in real-world use cases where few classes or categories (known as majority or head classes) have higher number of data samples compared to the other classes (known as minority or tail…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Saptarshi Sinha , Hiroki Ohashi , Katsuyuki Nakamura

Long-tailed recognition is ubiquitous and challenging in deep learning and even in the downstream finetuning of foundation models, since the skew class distribution generally prevents the model generalization to the tail classes. Despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jiaan Luo , Feng Hong , Qiang Hu , Xiaofeng Cao , Feng Liu , Jiangchao Yao

This paper introduces a two-stage framework designed to enhance long-tail class incremental learning, enabling the model to progressively learn new classes, while mitigating catastrophic forgetting in the context of long-tailed data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Jayateja Kalla , Soma Biswas

Modern deep learning models are over-parameterized, where the optimization setup strongly affects the generalization performance. A key element of reliable optimization for these systems is the modification of the loss function.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Kayhan Behdin , Qingquan Song , Aman Gupta , David Durfee , Ayan Acharya , Sathiya Keerthi , Rahul Mazumder

Real-world data often follow a long-tailed distribution as the frequency of each class is typically different. For example, a dataset can have a large number of under-represented classes and a few classes with more than sufficient data.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Peng Chu , Xiao Bian , Shaopeng Liu , Haibin Ling

To address the modality imbalance caused by data heterogeneity, existing multi-modal learning (MML) approaches primarily focus on balancing this difference from the perspective of optimization objectives. However, almost all existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Zhi-Hao Guan

Self-supervised learning (SSL) as an effective paradigm of representation learning has achieved tremendous success on various curated datasets in diverse scenarios. Nevertheless, when facing the long-tailed distribution in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Zhihan Zhou , Jiangchao Yao , Feng Hong , Ya Zhang , Bo Han , Yanfeng Wang

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) is a recent training method that relies on worst-case weight perturbations which significantly improves generalization in various settings. We argue that the existing justifications for the success of SAM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Maksym Andriushchenko , Nicolas Flammarion

For semi-supervised learning with imbalance classes, the long-tailed distribution of data will increase the model prediction bias toward dominant classes, undermining performance on less frequent classes. Existing methods also face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Kuo Yang , Duo Li , Menghan Hu , Guangtao Zhai , Xiaokang Yang , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Long-tailed data is a special type of multi-class imbalanced data with a very large amount of minority/tail classes that have a very significant combined influence. Long-tailed learning aims to build high-performance models on datasets with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Chongsheng Zhang , George Almpanidis , Gaojuan Fan , Binquan Deng , Yanbo Zhang , Ji Liu , Aouaidjia Kamel , Paolo Soda , João Gama

Multi-task learning (MTL) enables a joint model to capture commonalities across multiple tasks, reducing computation costs and improving data efficiency. However, a major challenge in MTL optimization is task conflicts, where the task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Hao Ban , Gokul Ram Subramani , Kaiyi Ji

Real-world data is often unbalanced and long-tailed, but deep models struggle to recognize rare classes in the presence of frequent classes. To address unbalanced data, most studies try balancing the data, the loss, or the classifier to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Dvir Samuel , Gal Chechik

Object frequency in the real world often follows a power law, leading to a mismatch between datasets with long-tailed class distributions seen by a machine learning model and our expectation of the model to perform well on all classes. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Muhammad Abdullah Jamal , Matthew Brown , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Liqiang Wang , Boqing Gong

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) is an optimization method that improves generalization performance of machine learning models. Despite its superior generalization, SAM has not been actively used in real-world applications due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Junhyuk Jo , Jihyun Lim , Sunwoo Lee

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) plays a significant role in computational pathology, enabling weakly supervised analysis of Whole Slide Image (WSI) datasets. The field of WSI analysis is confronted with a severe long-tailed distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xitong Ling , Yifeng Ping , Jiawen Li , Jing Peng , Yuxuan Chen , Minxi Ouyang , Yizhi Wang , Yonghong He , Tian Guan , Xiaoping Liu , Lianghui Zhu

Class imbalance remains a major challenge in machine learning, especially in multi-class problems with long-tailed distributions. Existing methods, such as data resampling, cost-sensitive techniques, and logistic loss modifications, though…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Corinna Cortes , Anqi Mao , Mehryar Mohri , Yutao Zhong

Deep neural networks perform poorly on heavily class-imbalanced datasets. Given the promising performance of contrastive learning, we propose Rebalanced Siamese Contrastive Mining (ResCom) to tackle imbalanced recognition. Based on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Zhisheng Zhong , Jiequan Cui , Zeming Li , Eric Lo , Jian Sun , Jiaya Jia

Long-tailed instance segmentation is a challenging task due to the extreme imbalance of training samples among classes. It causes severe biases of the head classes (with majority samples) against the tailed ones. This renders "how to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Yin-Yin He , Peizhen Zhang , Xiu-Shen Wei , Xiangyu Zhang , Jian Sun

The conventional detectors tend to make imbalanced classification and suffer performance drop, when the distribution of the training data is severely skewed. In this paper, we propose to use the mean classification score to indicate the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Chengjian Feng , Yujie Zhong , Weilin Huang