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Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) are notoriously complex and hard to verify. In fact, it is not trivial to model a MAS, and even when a model is built, it is not always possible to verify, in a formal way, that it is actually behaving as we…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Angelo Ferrando , Vadim Malvone

In this work, we propose and evaluate a new reinforcement learning method, COMPact Experience Replay (COMPER), which uses temporal difference learning with predicted target values based on recurrence over sets of similar transitions, and a…

Large Language Model based multi-agent systems (MAS) excel at collaborative problem solving but remain brittle to cascading errors: a single faulty step can propagate across agents and disrupt the trajectory. In this paper, we present MASC,…

We examine sequential equilibrium in the context of computational games, where agents are charged for computation. In such games, an agent can rationally choose to forget, so issues of imperfect recall arise. In this setting, we consider…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-12-22 Joseph Y. Halpern , Rafael Pass

Constructing a consistent shared spatial memory is a critical challenge in multi-agent systems, where partial observability and limited bandwidth often lead to catastrophic failures in coordination. We introduce a multi-agent predictive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Zhengru Fang , Yu Guo , Yuang Zhang , Haonan An , Wenbo Ding , Yuguang Fang

This article provides an analytical framework for how to simulate human-like thought processes within a computer. It describes how attention and memory should be structured, updated, and utilized to search for associative additions to the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-15 Jared Edward Reser

Existing evaluations of agents with memory typically assess memorization and action in isolation. One class of benchmarks evaluates memorization by testing recall of past conversations or text but fails to capture how memory is used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zexue He , Yu Wang , Churan Zhi , Yuanzhe Hu , Tzu-Ping Chen , Lang Yin , Ze Chen , Tong Arthur Wu , Siru Ouyang , Zihan Wang , Jiaxin Pei , Julian McAuley , Yejin Choi , Alex Pentland

Learning by experience in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is a difficult and exciting task, due to the lack of stationarity of the environment, whose dynamics evolves as the population learns. In order to design scalable algorithms for systems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-24 Romuald Elie , Julien Pérolat , Mathieu Laurière , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin

Model checking of strategic abilities is a notoriously hard problem, even more so in the realistic case of agents with imperfect information, acting in a stochastic environment. Assume-guarantee reasoning can be of great help here,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Wojciech Jamroga , Damian Kurpiewski , Łukasz Mikulski

The rapid evolution of Large Language Model (LLM) agents has necessitated robust memory systems to support cohesive long-term interaction and complex reasoning. Benefiting from the strong capabilities of LLMs, recent research focus has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Weiquan Huang , Zixuan Wang , Hehai Lin , Sudong Wang , Bo Xu , Qian Li , Beier Zhu , Linyi Yang , Chengwei Qin

We propose a new method to study the internal memory used by reinforcement learning policies. We estimate the amount of relevant past information by estimating mutual information between behavior histories and the current action of an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-22 Christoph Dann , Katja Hofmann , Sebastian Nowozin

Agent-based modelling constitutes a versatile approach to representing and simulating complex systems. Studying large-scale systems is challenging because of the computational time required for the simulation runs: scaling is at least…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Alexandru-Ionuţ Băbeanu , Tatiana Filatova , Jan H. Kwakkel , Neil Yorke-Smith

This paper proposes Memory-Augmented State Machine Prompting (MASMP), a novel framework for LLM agents in real-time strategy games. Addressing key challenges like hallucinations and fragmented decision-making in existing approaches, MASMP…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Runnan Qi , Yanan Ni , Lumin Jiang , Zongyuan Li , Kuihua Huang , Xian Guo

Consider a typical organization whose worker agents seek to collectively cooperate for its general betterment. However, each individual agent simultaneously seeks to act to secure a larger chunk than its co-workers of the annual increment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Keyang He , Bikramjit Banerjee , Prashant Doshi

Existing Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) typically rely on homogeneous model configurations, failing to exploit the diverse expertise inherent in different post-trained architectures. We propose Team-of-Thoughts, a heterogeneous MAS framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Jeffrey T. H. Wong , Zixi Zhang , Junyi Liu , Yiren Zhao

Due to the complex interactions between agents, learning multi-agent control policy often requires a prohibited amount of data. This paper aims to enable multi-agent systems to effectively utilize past memories to adapt to novel…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-28 So Kuroki , Mai Nishimura , Tadashi Kozuno

Large language model (LLM)-powered multi-agent systems (MAS) demonstrate remarkable collective intelligence, wherein multi-agent memory serves as a pivotal mechanism for continual adaptation. However, existing multi-agent memory designs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Muxin Fu , Xiangyuan Xue , Yafu Li , Zefeng He , Siyuan Huang , Xiaoye Qu , Yu Cheng , Yang Yang

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have made promising progress in recent years by leveraging the centralized training and decentralized execution (CTDE) paradigm. However, existing MARL algorithms still suffer from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Xiao Ma , Wu-Jun Li

Reinforcement learning agents in complex game environments often suffer from sparse rewards, training instability, and poor sample efficiency. This paper presents a hybrid training approach that combines offline imitation learning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Thomas Ackermann , Moritz Spang , Hamza A. A. Gardi

A lifelong learning agent is able to continually learn from potentially infinite streams of pattern sensory data. One major historic difficulty in building agents that adapt in this way is that neural systems struggle to retain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Hitesh Vaidya , Travis Desell , Alexander Ororbia