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Loss-gradients are used to interpret the decision making process of deep learning models. In this work, we evaluate loss-gradient based attribution methods by occluding parts of the input and comparing the performance of the occluded input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Vinod Subramanian , Siddharth Gururani , Emmanouil Benetos , Mark Sandler

Integrated Gradients (IG) is a widely adopted feature attribution method that satisfies desirable axiomatic properties. However, the choice of integration path significantly affects the quality of attributions, and the standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Soyeon Kim , Seongwoo Lim , Kyowoon Lee , Jaesik Choi

This paper proposes an introspective deep metric learning (IDML) framework for uncertainty-aware comparisons of images. Conventional deep metric learning methods focus on learning a discriminative embedding to describe the semantic features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Chengkun Wang , Wenzhao Zheng , Zheng Zhu , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Integrated gradients are widely employed to evaluate the contribution of input features in classification models because it satisfies the axioms for attribution of prediction. This method, however, requires an appropriate baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Kazuki Tachikawa , Yuji Kawai , Jihoon Park , Minoru Asada

Integrated Gradients (IG) is a widely used attribution method in explainable AI, particularly in computer vision applications where reliable feature attribution is essential. A key limitation of IG is its sensitivity to the choice of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-21 Kien Tran Duc Tuan , Tam Nguyen Trong , Son Nguyen Hoang , Khoat Than , Anh Nguyen Duc

Large language models are typically fine-tuned to align with human preferences, but tuning large models is computationally intensive and complex. In this work, we introduce $\textit{Integrated Value Guidance}$ (IVG), a method that uses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Zhixuan Liu , Zhanhui Zhou , Yuanfu Wang , Chao Yang , Yu Qiao

As language models become integral to critical workflows, assessing their behavior remains a fundamental challenge -- human evaluation is costly and noisy, while automated metrics provide only coarse, difficult-to-interpret signals. We…

We conducted a reproducibility study on Integrated Gradients (IG) based methods and the Important Direction Gradient Integration (IDGI) framework. IDGI eliminates the explanation noise in each step of the computation of IG-based methods…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-17 Shree Singhi , Anupriya Kumari

Instruction tuning is one of the key steps required for adapting large language models (LLMs) to a broad spectrum of downstream applications. However, this procedure is difficult because real-world datasets are rarely homogeneous; they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shrihari Sridharan , Deepak Ravikumar , Anand Raghunathan , Kaushik Roy

Gradient-based explanation methods play an important role in the field of interpreting complex deep neural networks for NLP models. However, the existing work has shown that the gradients of a model are unstable and easily manipulable,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Zhenxiao Cheng , Jie Zhou , Wen Wu , Qin Chen , Liang He

Prior Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) methods often aim to train a domain-invariant feature extractor, which may hinder the model from learning sufficiently discriminative features. To tackle this, a line of works based on prompt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Hoang Phan , Lam Tran , Quyen Tran , Trung Le

Accurately quantifying uncertainty in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their reliable deployment, especially in high-stakes applications. Current state-of-the-art methods for measuring semantic uncertainty in LLMs rely on strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yashvir S. Grewal , Edwin V. Bonilla , Thang D. Bui

Gradient-based data influence approximation has been leveraged to select useful data samples in the supervised fine-tuning of large language models. However, the computation of gradients throughout the fine-tuning process requires too many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zige Wang , Qi Zhu , Fei Mi , Minghui Xu , Ruochun Jin , Wenjing Yang

Current methods for the interpretability of discriminative deep neural networks commonly rely on the model's input-gradients, i.e., the gradients of the output logits w.r.t. the inputs. The common assumption is that these input-gradients…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Suraj Srinivas , Francois Fleuret

Feature attribution is central to diagnosing and trusting deep neural networks, and Integrated Gradients (IG) is widely used due to its axiomatic properties. However, IG can yield unreliable explanations when the integration path between a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Soyeon Kim , Seongwoo Lim , Kyowoon Lee , Jaesik Choi

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly more powerful in their ability to complete complex tasks. One such task in which LLMs are often employed is scoring, i.e., assigning a numerical value from a certain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Henry J. Xie , Jinghan Zhang , Xinhao Zhang , Kunpeng Liu

Despite tremendous success of modern neural networks, they are known to be overconfident even when the model encounters inputs with unfamiliar conditions. Detecting such inputs is vital to preventing models from making naive predictions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Jinsol Lee , Ghassan AlRegib

Predictions made by deep learning models are prone to data perturbations, adversarial attacks, and out-of-distribution inputs. To build a trusted AI system, it is therefore critical to accurately quantify the prediction uncertainties. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Hanjing Wang , Dhiraj Joshi , Shiqiang Wang , Qiang Ji

Visualizing the features captured by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is one of the conventional approaches to interpret the predictions made by these models in numerous image recognition applications. Grad-CAM is a popular solution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Sam Sattarzadeh , Mahesh Sudhakar , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis , Jongseong Jang , Yeonjeong Jeong , Hyunwoo Kim

Differential equations in general and neural ODEs in particular are an essential technique in continuous-time system identification. While many deterministic learning algorithms have been designed based on numerical integration via the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Lenart Treven , Philippe Wenk , Florian Dörfler , Andreas Krause