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Water is a critical resource for data centers and an efficient means of cooling. However, meeting the growing water demand of data centers requires substantial peak water withdrawals, which many communities in the United States cannot…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yuelin Han , Pengfei Li , Adam Wierman , Shaolei Ren

This paper introduces an infrastructure-aware benchmarking framework for quantifying the environmental footprint of LLM inference across 30 state-of-the-art models in commercial datacenters. The framework combines public API performance…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nidhal Jegham , Marwan Abdelatti , Chan Young Koh , Lassad Elmoubarki , Abdeltawab Hendawi

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has significantly increased the electricity, water, and carbon demands of modern data centers, raising sustainability concerns. This study evaluates the environmental footprint of AI server…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Aadi Patel , Nikhil Mahalingam , Rusheen Patel

As the performance of artificial intelligence systems has dramatically increased, so too has the environmental impact of creating these systems. While many model developers release estimates of the power consumption and carbon emissions…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jacob Morrison , Clara Na , Jared Fernandez , Tim Dettmers , Emma Strubell , Jesse Dodge

The growing carbon footprint of artificial intelligence (AI) has been undergoing public scrutiny. Nonetheless, the equally important water (withdrawal and consumption) footprint of AI has largely remained under the radar. For example,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Pengfei Li , Jianyi Yang , Mohammad A. Islam , Shaolei Ren

Machine learning (ML) is increasingly vital for smart-grid research, yet restricted access to realistic, diverse data - often due to privacy concerns - slows progress and fuels doubts within the energy sector about adopting ML-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Mohannad Takrouri , Nicolás M. Cuadrado , Martin Takáč

Water consumption is an increasingly critical dimension of computing sustainability, especially as AI workloads rapidly scale. However, current water impact assessment often overlooks where and when water stress is more severe. To fill in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Yanran Wu , Inez Hua , Yi Ding

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLM) such as ChatGPT, CoPilot, and Gemini have been widely adopted in different areas. As the use of LLMs continues to grow, many efforts have focused on reducing the massive training overheads of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Hayden Moore , Sirui Qi , Ninad Hogade , Dejan Milojicic , Cullen Bash , Sudeep Pasricha

Residential outdoor water use in North America accounts for nearly 9 billion gallons daily, with approximately 50\% of this water wasted due to over-watering, particularly in lawns and gardens. This inefficiency highlights the need for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-26 Sina Hajer Ahmadi , Amruta Pranadika Mahashabde

As the Middle East emerges as a strategic hub for artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure, the feasibility of deploying sustainable datacenters in desert environments has become a topic of growing relevance. This paper presents an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Lara Hassan , Mohamed ElZeftawy , Abdulrahman Mahmoud

Freshwater scarcity is a global problem that requires collective efforts across all industry sectors. Nevertheless, a lack of access to operational water footprint data bars many applications from exploring optimization opportunities hidden…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Pranjol Sen Gupta , Md Rajib Hossen , Pengfei Li , Shaolei Ren , Mohammad A. Islam

High-performance computing (HPC) systems are becoming increasingly water-intensive due to their reliance on water-based cooling and the energy used in power generation. However, the water footprint of HPC remains relatively…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yankai Jiang , Raghavendra Kanakagiri , Rohan Basu Roy , Devesh Tiwari

Estimates of energy usage in layers of computing from devices to algorithms have been determined and analyzed. Building on the previous analysis [3], energy needed from single devices and systems including three large-scale computing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Sadasivan Shankar

Ensuring safe water supplies requires effective water quality monitoring, especially in developing countries like Nepal, where contamination risks are high. This paper introduces various hybrid deep learning models to predict on the CCME…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Biplov Paneru , Bishwash Paneru

With the growing availability of large-scale datasets, and the popularization of affordable storage and computational capabilities, the energy consumed by AI is becoming a growing concern. To address this issue, in recent years, studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Roberto Verdecchia , Luís Cruz , June Sallou , Michelle Lin , James Wickenden , Estelle Hotellier

The environmental impact of Large Language Models (LLMs) on data centers hosting these models is becoming a significant concern. While many efforts have focused on reducing the substantial training overhead of LLMs, carbon and water…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Arash Khalatbarisoltani , Amin Mahmoudi , Jie Han , Muhammad Saeed , Wenxue Liu , Jinwen Li , Solmaz Kahourzade , Amirmehdi Yazdani , Xiaosong Hu

The transformative power of AI is undeniable - but as user adoption accelerates, so does the need to understand and mitigate the environmental impact of AI serving. However, no studies have measured AI serving environmental metrics in a…

With the increasing impacts of climate change, there is a growing demand for accessible tools that can provide reliable future climate information to support planning, finance, and other decision-making applications. Large language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yang Wang , Hassan A. Karimi

The energy consumption of Data Centers (DCs) is a very important figure for the telecommunications operators, not only in terms of cost, but also in terms of operational reliability. A relation between the energy consumption and the weather…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Georgios Smpokos , Mohamed A. Elshatshat , Athanasios Lioumpas , Ilias Iliopoulos

AI data centers which are GPU centric, have adopted liquid cooling to handle extreme heat loads, but coolant leaks result in substantial energy loss through unplanned shutdowns and extended repair periods. We present a proof-of-concept…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Krishna Chaitanya Sunkara , Rambabu Konakanchi
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