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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in production, contributing towards shifting the burden in terms of computational resources and energy demands from training to inference. While prior work has examined the energy cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Julien Delavande , Regis Pierrard , Sasha Luccioni

Large Language Models (LLMs) inference is central to modern AI applications, dominating worldwide datacenter workloads, making it critical to predict its energy footprint. Existing approaches estimate energy consumption as a simple linear…

With the significant expansion of the context window in Large Language Models (LLMs), these models are theoretically capable of processing millions of tokens in a single pass. However, research indicates a significant gap between this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Nima Esmi , Maryam Nezhad-Moghaddam , Fatemeh Borhani , Asadollah Shahbahrami , Amin Daemdoost , Georgi Gaydadjiev

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in domain-specific applications, including climate change and environmental research, understanding their energy footprint has become an important concern. The growing adoption of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Alicia Bao , Jiamian He , Angel Hsu , Diego Manya , Ji , Zhang

The explosive growth of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT-4 with 1.8 trillion parameters, demands a fundamental rethinking of data center architecture to ensure scalability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Our work provides a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jesmin Jahan Tithi , Hanjiang Wu , Avishaii Abuhatzera , Fabrizio Petrini

Context: AI-assisted tools are increasingly integrated into software development workflows, but their reliance on large language models (LLMs) introduces substantial computational and energy costs. Understanding and reducing the energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Lola Solovyeva , Fernando Castor

Water is a crucial pre-requisite for all human activities. Due to growing demand from population and shrinking supply of potable water, there is an urgent need to use computational methods to manage available water intelligently, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-12-19 Biplav Srivastava , Sandeep Sandha , Vaskar Raychoudhury , Sukanya Randhawa , Viral Kapoor , Anmol Agrawal

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly pushing the limits of contemporary computing hardware. For example, training GPT-3 has been estimated to consume around 1300 MWh of electricity, and projections suggest future models may require…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Renjie Li , Wenjie Wei , Qi Xin , Xiaoli Liu , Sixuan Mao , Erik Ma , Zijian Chen , Malu Zhang , Haizhou Li , Zhaoyu Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in recent years, achieving remarkable results in question-answering tasks (QA). However, they still face two major challenges: hallucination and outdated information after the…

The use of generative AI-based coding assistants like ChatGPT and Github Copilot is a reality in contemporary software development. Many of these tools are provided as remote APIs. Using third-party APIs raises data privacy and security…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Negar Alizadeh , Boris Belchev , Nishant Saurabh , Patricia Kelbert , Fernando Castor

Heat pumps (HPs) have emerged as a cost-effective and clean technology for sustainable energy systems, but their efficiency in producing hot water remains restricted by conventional threshold-based control methods. Although machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Manal Rahal , Bestoun S. Ahmed , Roger Renstrom , Robert Stener , Albrecht Wurtz

Cloud computing has become a critical infrastructure for modern society, like electric power grids and roads. As the backbone of the modern economy, it offers subscription-based computing services anytime, anywhere, on a pay-as-you-go…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Rajkumar Buyya , Shashikant Ilager , Patricia Arroba

This paper presents a new precipitation dataset that is daily, has a spatial resolution of one degree on a quasi-global scale, and spans more than 42 years, using machine learning techniques. The ultimate goal of this dataset is to provide…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-09-17 Hiroshi G. Takahashi

Power management is an expensive and important issue for large computational infrastructures such as datacenters, large clusters, and computational grids. However, measuring energy consumption of scalable systems may be impractical due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-20 Lucas Venezian Povoa , Cesar Marcondes , Hermes Senger

The increasing electricity demands of personal computers, communication networks, and data centers contribute to higher atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn lead to global warming and climate change. Therefore the energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Tom Cappendijk , Pepijn de Reus , Ana Oprescu

Smart metering of domestic water consumption to continuously monitor the usage of different appliances has been shown to have an impact on people's behavior towards water conservation. However, the installation of multiple sensors to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-10 Pavlos Pavlou , Stelios Vrachimis , Demetrios G. Eliades , Marios M. Polycarpou

AI is demanding an evergrowing portion of environmental resources. Despite their potential impact on AI environmental sustainability, the role that programming languages play in AI (in)efficiency is to date still unknown. With this study,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Niccolò Marini , Leonardo Pampaloni , Filippo Di Martino , Roberto Verdecchia , Enrico Vicario

The rapid proliferation of data centers in the US - driven partly by the adoption of artificial intelligence - has set off alarm bells about the industry's environmental impact. We compiled detailed information on 2,132 US data centers…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Gianluca Guidi , Francesca Dominici , Jonathan Gilmour , Kevin Butler , Eric Bell , Scott Delaney , Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi

As large language models (LLMs) scale in size and adoption, their computational and environmental costs continue to rise. Prior benchmarking efforts have primarily focused on latency reduction in idealized settings, often overlooking the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Jared Fernandez , Clara Na , Vashisth Tiwari , Yonatan Bisk , Sasha Luccioni , Emma Strubell

Climate science demands automated workflows to transform comprehensive questions into data-driven statements across massive, heterogeneous datasets. However, generic LLM agents and static scripting pipelines lack climate-specific context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Hyeonjae Kim , Chenyue Li , Wen Deng , Mengxi Jin , Wen Huang , Mengqian Lu , Binhang Yuan