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Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) are inherently interpretable models that factor model decisions into human-readable concepts. They allow people to easily understand why a model is failing, a critical feature for high-stakes applications.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Yue Yang , Artemis Panagopoulou , Shenghao Zhou , Daniel Jin , Chris Callison-Burch , Mark Yatskar

When gradient-based methods are impractical, black-box optimization (BBO) provides a valuable alternative. However, BBO often struggles with high-dimensional problems and limited trial budgets. In this work, we propose a novel approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-03 Riccardo Busetto , Manas Mejari , Marco Forgione , Alberto Bemporad , Dario Piga

Scenario-based testing has become a promising approach to overcome the complexity of real-world traffic for safety assurance of automated vehicles. Within scenario-based testing, a system under test is confronted with a set of predefined…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Christoph Glasmacher , Hendrik Weber , Lutz Eckstein

Black-box optimization is ubiquitous in machine learning, operations research and engineering simulation. Black-box optimization algorithms typically do not assume structural information about the objective function and thus must make use…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-19 Rohan Rele , Zelda Zabinsky , Giulia Pedrielli , Aleksandr Aravkin

This paper describes the methodology for building a dynamic risk assessment for ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance Systems) algorithms in parking scenarios, fusing exterior and interior perception for a better understanding of the scene and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Paola Natalia Cañas , Mikel García , Nerea Aranjuelo , Marcos Nieto , Aitor Iglesias , Igor Rodríguez

Black-box optimization (BBO) involves functions that are unknown, inexact and/or expensive-to-evaluate. Existing BBO algorithms face several challenges, including high computational cost from extensive evaluations, difficulty in handling…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Zixuan Zhang , Xiaowei Song , Jiaming Li , Yujiao Zeng , Yaling Nie , Min Zhu , Dongyun Lu , Yibo Zhang , Xin Xiao , Jie Li

Bayesian optimization (BO ) is an effective method for optimizing expensive-to-evaluate black-box functions. While high-dimensional problems can be particularly challenging, due to the multitude of parameter choices and the potentially high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Erik Hellsten , Carl Hvarfner , Leonard Papenmeier , Luigi Nardi

Black-box optimization (BBO) has become increasingly relevant for tackling complex decision-making problems, especially in public policy domains such as police redistricting. However, its broader application in public policymaking is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-23 Wenqian Xing , JungHo Lee , Chong Liu , Shixiang Zhu

The selection of relevant test scenarios for the scenario-based testing and safety validation of automated driving systems (ADSs) remains challenging. An important aspect of the relevance of a scenario is the challenge it poses for an ADS.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Lennart Vater , Sven Tarlowski , Michael Schuldes , Lutz Eckstein

The complex driving environment brings great challenges to the visual perception of autonomous vehicles. It's essential to extract clear and explainable information from the complex road and traffic scenarios and offer clues to decision and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Yiyue Zhao , Xinyu Yun , Chen Chai , Zhiyu Liu , Wenxuan Fan , Xiao Luo

Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) enable researchers to solve challenging control problems, from simulated environments to real-world robotic tasks. However, deep RL algorithms are known to be sensitive to the problem…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Joanne Taery Kim , Sehoon Ha

The growing number of ADAS-equipped vehicles has led to a dramatic increase in driving data, yet most of them capture routine driving behavior. Identifying and understanding safety-critical corner cases within this vast dataset remains a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Yin Wu , Daniel Slieter , Vivek Subramanian , Ahmed Abouelazm , Robin Bohn , J. Marius Zöllner

With the advancement of autonomous driving, ensuring safety during motion planning and navigation is becoming more and more important. However, most end-to-end planning methods suffer from a lack of safety. This research addresses the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Detian Chu , Linyuan Bai , Jianuo Huang , Zhenlong Fang , Peng Zhang , Wei Kang , Haifeng Lin

Search-based techniques have been widely used for white-box test generation. Many of these approaches rely on the approach level and branch distance heuristics to guide the search process and generate test cases with high line and branch…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Pouria Derakhshanfar , Xavier Devroey , Andy Zaidman

Simulation is essential to validate autonomous driving systems. However, a simple simulation, even for an extremely high number of simulated miles or hours, is not sufficient. We need well-founded criteria showing that simulation does…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Qiang Wang , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

Two-stage stochastic optimization is a framework for modeling uncertainty, where we have a probability distribution over possible realizations of the data, called scenarios, and decisions are taken in two stages: we make first-stage…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Andre Linhares , Chaitanya Swamy

Contemporary materials science research is heavily conducted in silico, involving massive simulations of the atomic-scale evolution of materials. Cataloging basic patterns in the atomic displacements is key to understanding and predicting…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Rostyslav Hnatyshyn , Danny Perez , Gerik Scheuermann , Ross Maciejewski , Baldwin Nsonga

This paper studies uncertainty quantification for large language models (LLMs) under black-box access, where only a small number of responses can be sampled for each query. In this setting, estimating the effective semantic alphabet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Hongxing Pan , Yingying Guo , Wenqing Kuang , Jiashi Lu

This paper presents a defense framework for enhancing the safety of large language model (LLM) empowered multi-agent systems (MAS) in safety-critical domains such as aerospace. We apply randomized smoothing, a statistical robustness…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jinwei Hu , Yi Dong , Zhengtao Ding , Xiaowei Huang

The application of Large Language Models (LLMs) for Automated Algorithm Discovery (AAD), particularly for optimisation heuristics, is an emerging field of research. This emergence necessitates robust, standardised benchmarking practices to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Niki van Stein , Anna V. Kononova , Haoran Yin , Thomas Bäck