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Recently, neural networks (NN) have made great strides in combinatorial optimization. However, they face challenges when solving the capacitated arc routing problem (CARP) which is to find the minimum-cost tour covering all required edges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Runze Guo , Feng Xue , Anlong Ming , Nicu Sebe

Neural Combinatorial Optimization aims to learn to solve a class of combinatorial problems through data-driven methods and notably through employing neural networks by learning the underlying distribution of problem instances. While, so far…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Daniela Thyssens , Tim Dernedde , Wilson Sentanoe , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Neural Combinatorial Optimisation (NCO) is a promising learning-based approach for solving Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) without extensive manual design. While existing constructive NCO methods typically follow an appending-based paradigm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fu Luo , Xi Lin , Mengyuan Zhong , Fei Liu , Zhenkun Wang , Jianyong Sun , Qingfu Zhang

Heavy-Encoder-Light-Decoder (HELD) neural routing solvers have emerged as a promising paradigm due to their broad applicability across multiple vehicle routing problems (VRPs). However, they typically struggle with VRP variants with complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Canhong Yu , Changliang Zhou , Rongsheng Chen , Zhenkun Wang , Yu Zhou

For NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, it is usually difficult to find high-quality solutions in polynomial time. The design of either an exact algorithm or an approximate algorithm for these problems often requires significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Kun Lei , Peng Guo , Yi Wang , Xiao Wu , Wenchao Zhao

This paper presents a novel graph reinforcement learning (RL) architecture to solve multi-robot task allocation (MRTA) problems that involve tasks with deadlines and workload, and robot constraints such as work capacity. While drawing…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Steve Paul , Payam Ghassemi , Souma Chowdhury

The neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) method has shown great potential for solving routing problems of intelligent transportation systems without requiring expert knowledge. However, existing constructive NCO methods still struggle to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Changliang Zhou , Xi Lin , Zhenkun Wang , Xialiang Tong , Mingxuan Yuan , Qingfu Zhang

Combinatorial optimization problems involving multiple agents are notoriously challenging due to their NP-hard nature and the necessity for effective agent coordination. Despite advancements in learning-based methods, existing approaches…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Federico Berto , Chuanbo Hua , Laurin Luttmann , Jiwoo Son , Junyoung Park , Kyuree Ahn , Changhyun Kwon , Lin Xie , Jinkyoo Park

Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is one of the most complex NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem in transportation and logistics that requires a dynamic solution approach. In this paper we present a new hybrid approach that combines the…

Recent researches show that machine learning has the potential to learn better heuristics than the one designed by human for solving combinatorial optimization problems. The deep neural network is used to characterize the input instance for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Bo Peng , Jiahai Wang , Zizhen Zhang

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based combinatorial optimization (CO) methods (i.e., DRL-NCO) have shown significant merit over the conventional CO solvers as DRL-NCO is capable of learning CO solvers less relying on problem-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Minsu Kim , Junyoung Park , Jinkyoo Park

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a core NP-hard problem in the field of combinatorial optimization. It aims to plan optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles with uniform capacity, serving a set of customers with specific…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yongyu Chen

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) underpins modern last-mile logistics. Current Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) methods construct CVRP solutions autoregressively, inheriting sequential decoding bottlenecks, sensitivity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Samuel J. K. Chin , Maximilian Schiffer

This paper presents a framework to tackle constrained combinatorial optimization problems using deep Reinforcement Learning (RL). To this end, we extend the Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) theory in order to deal with constraints in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Ruben Solozabal , Josu Ceberio , Martin Takáč

Learning-based methods have become increasingly popular for solving vehicle routing problems due to their near-optimal performance and fast inference speed. Among them, the combination of deep reinforcement learning and graph representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Zhenwei Wang , Ruibin Bai , Fazlullah Khan , Ender Ozcan , Tiehua Zhang

Reinforcement learning has recently shown promise in learning quality solutions in many combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, the attention-based encoder-decoder models show high effectiveness on various routing problems,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Aigerim Bogyrbayeva , Taehyun Yoon , Hanbum Ko , Sungbin Lim , Hyokun Yun , Changhyun Kwon

Existing deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based methods for solving the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) intrinsically cope with homogeneous vehicle fleet, in which the fleet is assumed as repetitions of a single vehicle. Hence,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Jingwen Li , Yining Ma , Ruize Gao , Zhiguang Cao , Andrew Lim , Wen Song , Jie Zhang

Recently, Transformer has become a prevailing deep architecture for solving vehicle routing problems (VRPs). However, it is less effective in learning improvement models for VRP because its positional encoding (PE) method is not suitable in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Yining Ma , Jingwen Li , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Le Zhang , Zhenghua Chen , Jing Tang

Traditional solvers for tackling combinatorial optimization (CO) problems are usually designed by human experts. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in utilizing deep learning, especially deep reinforcement learning, to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Shengcai Liu , Yu Zhang , Ke Tang , Xin Yao

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a fundamental NP-hard task in intelligent transportation systems with broad applications in logistics and distribution. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Le Tung Giang , Vu Hoang Viet , Nguyen Xuan Tung , Trinh Van Chien , Won-Joo Hwang