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Ensuring the quality of automated driving systems is a major challenge the automotive industry is facing. In this context, quality defines the degree to which an object meets expectations and requirements. Especially, automated vehicles at…
Motivated by the Model-Based Design process for Cyber-Physical Systems, we consider issues in conformance testing of systems. Conformance is a quantitative notion of similarity between the output trajectories of systems, which considers…
Reasoning about safety, security, and other dependability attributes of autonomous systems is a challenge that needs to be addressed before the adoption of such systems in day-to-day life. Formal methods is a class of methods that…
Automation systems exist in many variants and may evolve over time in order to deal with different environment contexts or to fulfill changing customer requirements. This induces an increased complexity during design-time as well as tedious…
We study the satisfiability problem of symbolic finite automata and decompose it into the satisfiability problem of the theory of the input characters and the monadic second-order theory of the indices of accepted words. We use our…
We consider systems composed of an unbounded number of uniformly designed linear hybrid automata, whose dynamic behavior is determined by their relation to neighboring systems. We present a class of such systems and a class of safety…
Estimating software testability can crucially assist software managers to optimize test budgets and software quality. In this paper, we propose a new approach that radically differs from the traditional approach of pursuing testability…
While no one doubts the importance of correct and complete specifications, many industrial systems still do not have formal specifications written out -- and even when they do, it is hard to check their correctness and completeness. This…
While vehicles have primarily been controlled through mechanical means in years past, an increasing number of embedded control systems are being installed and used, keeping pace with advances in electronic control technology and…
This article proposes a test procedure that can be used to test ML models and ML-based systems independently of the actual training process. In this way, the typical quality statements such as accuracy and precision of these models and…
The emergence of Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) systems has significantly transformed the safety assessment landscape. Because they integrate automated vehicle functions beyond those managed by a human driver, new…
Testing from Input/Output Transition Systems has been intensely investigated. The conformance between the implementation and the specification is often determined by the so-called ioco-relation. However, generating tests for ioco is usually…
Testing is the primary approach for detecting software defects. A major challenge faced by testers lies in crafting efficient test suites, able to detect a maximum number of bugs with manageable effort. To do so, they rely on coverage…
Mutation testing is a standard technique to evaluate the quality of a test suite. Due to its computationally intensive nature, many approaches have been proposed to make this technique feasible in real case scenarios. Among these…
We address the verification problem of ordered multi-pushdown automata: A multi-stack extension of pushdown automata that comes with a constraint on stack transitions such that a pop can only be performed on the first non-empty stack.…
Continuous engineering of autonomous driving functions commonly requires deploying vehicles in road testing to obtain inputs that cause problematic decisions. Although the discovery leads to producing an improved system, it also challenges…
Scenario-based testing has become a promising approach to overcome the complexity of real-world traffic for safety assurance of automated vehicles. Within scenario-based testing, a system under test is confronted with a set of predefined…
Modal automata are a classic formal model for component-based systems that comes equipped with a rich specification theory supporting abstraction, refinement and compositional reasoning. In recent years, quantitative variants of modal…
The regression test suite, a key resource for managing program evolution, needs to achieve 100% coverage, or very close, to be useful. Devising a test suite manually is unacceptably tedious, but existing automated methods are often…
Machine learning models have spread to almost every area of life. They are successfully applied in biology, medicine, finance, physics, and other fields. With modern software it is easy to train even a~complex model that fits the training…