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Language models retain a significant amount of world knowledge from their pre-training stage. This allows knowledgeable models to be applied to knowledge-intensive tasks prevalent in information retrieval, such as ranking or question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Jonas Wallat , Tianyi Zhang , Avishek Anand

Generation of plausible yet incorrect factual information, termed hallucination, is an unsolved issue in large language models. We study the ability of language models to deliberate on the responses they give in order to correct their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Shehzaad Dhuliawala , Mojtaba Komeili , Jing Xu , Roberta Raileanu , Xian Li , Asli Celikyilmaz , Jason Weston

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong average performance yet remain unreliable at the instance level, with frequent hallucinations, brittle failures, and poorly calibrated confidence. We study reliability through the lens of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Pranav Kallem

Large Language Models (LLMs) still face challenges when dealing with complex reasoning tasks, often resulting in hallucinations, which limit the practical application of LLMs. To alleviate this issue, this paper proposes a new method that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Zhihua Duan , Jialin Wang

MLLMs often generate outputs that are inconsistent with the visual content, a challenge known as hallucination. Previous methods focus on determining whether a generated output is hallucinated, without identifying which image region leads…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Zheng Lin , Zhenxing Niu , Zhibin Wang , Yinghui Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing and hold growing promise for advancing science, healthcare, and decision-making. Yet their training paradigms remain dominated by affirmation-based inference, akin to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Peter B. Walker , Hannah Davidson , Aiden Foster , Matthew Lienert , Thomas Pardue , Dale Russell

Large language models (LLMs) can generate fluent natural language texts when given relevant documents as background context. This ability has attracted considerable interest in developing industry applications of LLMs. However, LLMs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Deren Lei , Yaxi Li , Mengya Hu , Mingyu Wang , Vincent Yun , Emily Ching , Eslam Kamal

Scaling large language models (LLMs) leads to an emergent capacity to learn in-context from example demonstrations. Despite progress, theoretical understanding of this phenomenon remains limited. We argue that in-context learning relies on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Michael Hahn , Navin Goyal

Despite the impressive capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in vision-language tasks, they are prone to hallucinations in real-world scenarios. This paper investigates the hallucination phenomenon in MLLMs from the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zongmeng Zhang , Wengang Zhou , Jie Zhao , Houqiang Li

Vision-language models often hallucinate details, generating non-existent objects or inaccurate attributes that compromise output reliability. Existing methods typically address these issues via extensive human annotations or external…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Mingfei Han , Haihong Hao , Jinxing Zhou , Zhihui Li , Yuhui Zheng , Xueqing Deng , Linjie Yang , Xiaojun Chang

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable fluency across linguistic and reasoning tasks but remain systematically prone to hallucination. Prevailing accounts attribute hallucinations to data gaps, limited context, or optimization…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Richard Ackermann , Simeon Emanuilov

Large language models (LLMs) may generate outputs that are misaligned with user intent, lack contextual grounding, or exhibit hallucinations during conversation, which compromises the reliability of LLM-based applications. This review aimed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Gabriele Cesar Iwashima , Claudia Susie Rodrigues , Claudio Dipolitto , Geraldo Xexéo

While large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities to generate coherent text, they suffer from the issue of hallucinations -- factually inaccurate statements. Among numerous approaches to tackle hallucinations, especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Juraj Vladika , Ihsan Soydemir , Florian Matthes

Large language models often struggle to recognize their knowledge limits in closed-book question answering, leading to confident hallucinations. While decomposed prompting is typically used to improve accuracy, we investigate its impact on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Dhruv Madhwal , Lyuxin David Zhang , Dan Roth , Tomer Wolfson , Vivek Gupta

While neural conversation models have shown great potentials towards generating informative and engaging responses via introducing external knowledge, learning such a model often requires knowledge-grounded dialogues that are difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Linxiao Li , Can Xu , Wei Wu , Yufan Zhao , Xueliang Zhao , Chongyang Tao

Question answering is one of the most important and difficult applications at the border of information retrieval and natural language processing, especially when we talk about complex science questions which require some form of inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-08 George-Sebastian Pirtoaca , Traian Rebedea , Stefan Ruseti

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities in natural language processing but remain prone to hallucinations, generating factually incorrect or fabricated content. This issue undermines their reliability, particularly in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Cheng Peng Huang , Hao-Yuan Chen

Large language models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate and produce factual errors, yet our understanding of why they make these errors remains limited. In this study, we delve into the underlying mechanisms of LLM hallucinations from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Shiqi Chen , Miao Xiong , Junteng Liu , Zhengxuan Wu , Teng Xiao , Siyang Gao , Junxian He

An important open question in the use of large language models for knowledge-intensive tasks is how to effectively integrate knowledge from three sources: the model's parametric memory, external structured knowledge, and external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Xin Su , Tiep Le , Steven Bethard , Phillip Howard

Neural models for question answering (QA) over documents have achieved significant performance improvements. Although effective, these models do not scale to large corpora due to their complex modeling of interactions between the document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Sewon Min , Victor Zhong , Richard Socher , Caiming Xiong