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We develop a preconditioned nonlinear conjugate-gradient solver for ground states of binary dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates within the extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation including Lee-Huang-Yang corrections. The optimization is carried…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2025-10-29 Weijing Bao , Zhenhao Wang , Jia-Rui Luo , Kui-Tian Xi

We present a level-set based finite difference method to calculate the ground states of Bose Einstein condensates in domains with curved boundaries. Our method draws on the variational and level set approaches, benefiting from both of their…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Hwi Lee , Yingjie Liu

We propose and analyze an efficient and accurate numerical method for computing ground states of spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) by using the normalized gradient flow (NGF). In order to successfully extend the NGF to spin-2 BECs…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-10 Weizhu Bao , Qinglin Tang , Yongjun Yuan

In this paper, we propose a new numerical method to compute the ground state solution of trapped interacting Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) at zero or very low temperature by directly minimizing the energy functional via finite element…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-10 Weizhu Bao , Weijun Tang

In this paper, we propose an efficient and accurate numerical method for computing the ground state of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) by using the normalized gradient flow or imaginary time method. The key idea is to find a third…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-04-24 Weizhu Bao , Fong Yin Lim

A numerical framework is proposed and analyzed for computing the ground state of Bose--Einstein condensates. A gradient flow approach is developed, incorporating both a Lagrange multiplier to enforce the $L^2$ conservation and a free energy…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-18 Jing Guo , Cheng Wang , Dong Wang

In this paper, we mainly review recent results on mathematical theory and numerical methods for Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE). Starting from the simplest case with one-component BEC of the…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2017-01-10 Weizhu Bao , Yongyong Cai

In this paper we combine concepts from Riemannian Optimization and the theory of Sobolev gradients to derive a new conjugate gradient method for direct minimization of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional with rotation. The conservation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-01-17 Ionut Danaila , Bartosz Protas

In this article, we study mathematically and numerically the ground states of three-component rotating spin-orbit coupled (SOC) spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates modeled by the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations (CGPEs). Firstly, we…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-23 Jing Wang , Wei Yang , Yongjun Yuan , Yong Zhang

In this paper, we systematically review mathematical models, theories and numerical methods for ground states and dynamics of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) based on the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations (GPEs). We start with a…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2018-06-20 Weizhu Bao , Yongyong Cai

Dilute Bose gases, cooled down to low temperatures below the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature, form coherent ensembles described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Stationary solutions to the latter are topological coherent modes. The…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 V. I. Yukalov , E. P. Yukalova

We study numerically the time-independent vector Gross-Pitaevskii equations (VGPEs) for ground states and time-dependent VGPEs with (or without) an external driven field for dynamics describing a multi-component Bose-Einstein condensate…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2017-01-10 Weizhu Bao

This paper is devoted to the numerical solution of constrained energy minimization problems arising in computational physics and chemistry such as the Gross-Pitaevskii and Kohn-Sham models. In particular, we introduce the Riemannian Newton…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-28 R. Altmann , D. Peterseim , T. Stykel

We propose an unsupervised deep learning approach for computing the ground state (GS) of rotating Bose-Einstein condensation. To minimize the energy under a mass constraint, our approach introduces two key and novel ingredients: a…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2025-11-12 Zhizhong Kong , Jerry Zhijian Yang , Cheng Yuan , Xiaofei Zhao

The energy preserving discrete gradient methods are generalized to finite-dimensional Riemannian manifolds by definition of a discrete approximation to the Riemannian gradient, a retraction, and a coordinate center function. The resulting…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-05-22 Elena Celledoni , Sølve Eidnes , Brynjulf Owren , Torbjørn Ringholm

Second-order flows in this paper refer to some artificial evolutionary differential equations involving second-order time derivatives distinguished from gradient flows which are considered to be first-order flows. This is a popular topic…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-01-09 Haifan Chen , Guozhi Dong , Wei Liu , Ziqing Xie

In this article, we propose an efficient and spectrally accurate numerical method to compute the ground states of three-dimensional (3D) rotating dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) under strongly anisotropic trapping potentials.The…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-06 Qinglin Tang , Hanquan Wang , Shaobo Zhang , Yong Zhang

This article introduces a new numerical method for the minimization under constraints of a discrete energy modeling multicomponents rotating Bose-Einstein condensates in the regime of strong confinement and with rotation. Moreover, we…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-04-17 Guillaume Dujardin , Ingrid Lacroix-Violet , Anthony Nahas

We present a suite of programs to determine the ground state of the time-independent Gross-Pitaevskii equation, used in the simulation of Bose-Einstein condensates. The calculation is based on the Optimal Damping Algorithm, ensuring a fast…

Computational Physics · Physics 2011-11-10 Claude M. Dion , Eric Cances

We study the existence of energy minimizers for a Bose-Einstein condensate with dipole-dipole interactions, tightly confined to a plane. The problem is critical in that the kinetic energy and the (partially attractive) interaction energy…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-09-26 Arnaud Eychenne , Nicolas Rougerie