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Translating natural language questions into SQL has become a core challenge in enabling non-technical users to query databases. While recent work has explored large-scale synthetic data generation to improve model performance through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Hasan Alp Caferoğlu , Mehmet Serhat Çelik , Özgür Ulusoy

Data augmentation has attracted a lot of research attention in the deep learning era for its ability in alleviating data sparseness. The lack of labeled data for unseen evaluation databases is exactly the major challenge for cross-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Kun Wu , Lijie Wang , Zhenghua Li , Ao Zhang , Xinyan Xiao , Hua Wu , Min Zhang , Haifeng Wang

While fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) excel in generating grammatically valid SQL in Text-to-SQL parsing, they often struggle to ensure semantic accuracy in queries, leading to user confusion and diminished system usability. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Jipeng Cen , Jiaxin Liu , Zhixu Li , Jingjing Wang

The generalizability to new databases is of vital importance to Text-to-SQL systems which aim to parse human utterances into SQL statements. Existing works achieve this goal by leveraging the exact matching method to identify the lexical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Li Lin , Lijie Wen

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved the accuracy of Text-to-SQL systems. However, a critical challenge remains: the semantic mismatch between natural language questions (NLQs) and their corresponding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Shaoming Duan , Zirui Wang , Chuanyi Liu , Zhibin Zhu , Yuhao Zhang , Peiyi Han , Liang Yan , Zewu Peng

The conversion of natural language into SQL language for querying databases (Text-to-SQL) has broad application prospects and has attracted widespread attention. At present, the mainstream Text-to-SQL methods are mainly divided into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Lei Sheng , Shuai-Shuai Xu , Wei Xie

The remarkable ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to understand and follow instructions has sometimes been limited by their in-context learning (ICL) performance in low-resource languages. To address this, we introduce a novel approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Xiaoqian Li , Ercong Nie , Sheng Liang

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a new paradigm for Text-to-SQL task. However, the absence of a systematical benchmark inhibits the development of designing effective, efficient and economic LLM-based Text-to-SQL solutions. To…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Dawei Gao , Haibin Wang , Yaliang Li , Xiuyu Sun , Yichen Qian , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

The advancements of Large language models (LLMs) have provided great opportunities to text-to-SQL tasks to overcome the main challenges to understand complex domain information and complex database structures in business applications. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Wenda Zhang

Text-to-SQL enables natural access to databases, yet most benchmarks are English-only, limiting multilingual progress. We introduce MultiSpider 2.0, extending Spider 2.0 to eight languages (English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Khanh Trinh Pham , Thu Huong Nguyen , Jun Jo , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Thanh Tam Nguyen

The text-to-SQL problem aims to translate natural language questions into SQL statements to ease the interaction between database systems and end users. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities in a…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Chen Shen , Jin Wang , Sajjadur Rahman , Eser Kandogan

Text-to-SQL has emerged as a prominent research area, particularly with the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs). By enabling users to query databases through natural language rather than SQL, this technology significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yu-Jie Yang , Hung-Fu Chang , Po-An Chen

The conversion of natural language queries into SQL queries, known as Text-to-SQL, is a critical yet challenging task. This paper introduces EPI-SQL, a novel methodological framework leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Xiping Liu , Zhao Tan

Text-to-SQL systems translate natural language questions into SQL queries, providing substantial value for non-expert users. While large language models (LLMs) show promising results for this task, they remain error-prone. Query ambiguity…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhongjun Ding , Yin Lin , Tianjing Zeng , Rong Zhu , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

To access data stored in relational databases, users need to understand the database schema and write a query using a query language such as SQL. To simplify this task, text-to-SQL models attempt to translate a user's natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Amol Kelkar , Rohan Relan , Vaishali Bhardwaj , Saurabh Vaichal , Chandra Khatri , Peter Relan

Text-to-SQL systems facilitate smooth interaction with databases by translating natural language queries into Structured Query Language (SQL), bridging the gap between non-technical users and complex database management systems. This survey…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Aditi Singh , Akash Shetty , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in translating natural language questions into SQL queries (Text-to-SQL). In contrast, small language models (SLMs) ranging from 0.5B to 1.5B parameters currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Lei Sheng , Shuai-Shuai Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful tool in advancing the Text-to-SQL task, significantly outperforming traditional methods.Nevertheless, as a nascent research field, there is still no consensus on the optimal prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Bin Zhang , Yuxiao Ye , Guoqing Du , Xiaoru Hu , Zhishuai Li , Chi Harold Liu , Zhiwei Xu , Guoliang Fan , Rui Zhao , Ziyue Li , Hangyu Mao

Cross-lingual open-ended generation - responding in a language different from that of the query - is an important yet understudied problem. This work proposes XL-Instruct, a novel technique for generating high-quality synthetic data, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Vivek Iyer , Pinzhen Chen , Ricardo Rei , Alexandra Birch

Most existing studies in text-to-SQL tasks do not require generating complex SQL queries with multiple clauses or sub-queries, and generalizing to new, unseen databases. In this paper we propose SyntaxSQLNet, a syntax tree network to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Tao Yu , Michihiro Yasunaga , Kai Yang , Rui Zhang , Dongxu Wang , Zifan Li , Dragomir Radev