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While transformers have proven enormously successful in a range of tasks, their fundamental properties as models of computation are not well understood. This paper contributes to the study of the expressive capacity of transformers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Lena Strobl , Dana Angluin , Robert Frank

Transformers have become pivotal in Natural Language Processing, demonstrating remarkable success in applications like Machine Translation and Summarization. Given their widespread adoption, several works have attempted to analyze the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Swaroop Nath , Harshad Khadilkar , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Transformers, as the fundamental deep learning architecture, have demonstrated great capability in reasoning. This paper studies the generalizable first-order logical reasoning ability of transformers with their parameterized knowledge and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Tianshi Zheng , Jiazheng Wang , Zihao Wang , Jiaxin Bai , Hang Yin , Zheye Deng , Yangqiu Song , Jianxin Li

Transformer models have become the dominant backbone for sequence modeling, leveraging self-attention to produce contextualized token representations. These are typically aggregated into fixed-size vectors via pooling operations for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Sofiane Ennadir , Levente Zólyomi , Oleg Smirnov , Tianze Wang , John Pertoft , Filip Cornell , Lele Cao

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across many tasks, yet face significant challenges when dealing with recursive reasoning problems, those requiring the resolution of nested hierarchical structures. While prior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Zhiyuan He

Grasping mechanisms must both create and subsequently hold grasps that permit safe and effective object manipulation. Existing mechanisms address the different functional requirements of grasp creation and grasp holding using a single…

Spatial reasoning focuses on locating target objects based on spatial relations in 3D scenes, which plays a crucial role in developing intelligent embodied agents. Due to the limited availability of 3D scene-language paired data, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Shengli Zhou , Minghang Zheng , Feng Zheng , Yang Liu

Large language models based on the transformer architecture can solve highly complex tasks, yet their fundamental limitations on simple algorithmic problems remain poorly understood. In this work, we focus on basic counting tasks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Gilad Yehudai , Haim Kaplan , Guy Dar , Royi Rassin , Asma Ghandeharioun , Mor Geva , Amir Globerson

Transformers have revolutionized machine learning across diverse domains, yet understanding their behavior remains crucial, particularly in high-stakes applications. This paper introduces the contextual counting task, a novel toy problem…

In contrast to RNNs, which compress their history into a single hidden state, Transformers can attend to all past tokens directly. However, standard Transformers rely solely on the hidden state from the previous layer to represent the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Gleb Gerasimov , Yaroslav Aksenov , Nikita Balagansky , Viacheslav Sinii , Daniil Gavrilov

Mechanistic interpretability often identifies circuits inside Transformer models, but explanations of those circuits are usually validated through examples, ablations, and manual reasoning. This leaves a gap between finding a plausible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Neel Somani

Relative position encoding (RPE) is important for transformer to capture sequence ordering of input tokens. General efficacy has been proven in natural language processing. However, in computer vision, its efficacy is not well studied and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Kan Wu , Houwen Peng , Minghao Chen , Jianlong Fu , Hongyang Chao

The success of deep learning-based limit order book forecasting models is highly dependent on the quality and the robustness of the input data representation. A significant body of the quantitative finance literature focuses on utilising…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-12-08 Yufei Wu , Mahmoud Mahfouz , Daniele Magazzeni , Manuela Veloso

Relative positional encoding is widely used in vanilla and linear transformers to represent positional information. However, existing encoding methods of a vanilla transformer are not always directly applicable to a linear transformer,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Zhen Qin , Weixuan Sun , Kaiyue Lu , Hui Deng , Dongxu Li , Xiaodong Han , Yuchao Dai , Lingpeng Kong , Yiran Zhong

Writing high performance solvers for engineering applications is a delicate task. These codes are often developed on an application to application basis, highly optimized to solve a certain problem. Here, we present our work on developing a…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2018-08-14 Niclas Jansson , Rahul Bale , Keiji Onishi , Makoto Tsubokura

Many works make the eye-catching claim that Transformers are Turing-complete. However, the literature often conflates two distinct settings: (i) a fixed Transformer system setting, in which a fixed autoregressive Transformer is coupled with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Guanyu Cui , Zhewei Wei , Kun He

Addressing the resource waste caused by fixed computation paradigms in deep learning models under dynamic scenarios, this paper proposes a Transformer$^{-1}$ architecture based on the principle of deep adaptivity. This architecture achieves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Lumen AI , Tengzhou No. 1 Middle School , Shihao Ji , Zihui Song , Fucheng Zhong , Jisen Jia , Zhaobo Wu , Zheyi Cao , Xu Tianhao

Transfer entropy (TE) captures the directed relationships between two variables. Partial transfer entropy (PTE) accounts for the presence of all confounding variables of a multivariate system and infers only about direct causality. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-03 Angeliki Papana , Ariadni Papana-Dagiasis , Elsa Siggiridou

The fusion rules and operator product expansion (OPE) serve as crucial tools in the study of operator algebras within conformal field theory (CFT). Building upon the vision of using entanglement to explore the connections between fusion…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-07-02 Song He , Yu-Xuan Zhang , Long Zhao , Zi-Xuan Zhao

Transformer architecture has enabled recent progress in speech enhancement. Since Transformers are position-agostic, positional encoding is the de facto standard component used to enable Transformers to distinguish the order of elements in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-15 Qiquan Zhang , Meng Ge , Hongxu Zhu , Eliathamby Ambikairajah , Qi Song , Zhaoheng Ni , Haizhou Li