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Marketers often use A/B testing as a tool to compare marketing treatments in a test stage and then deploy the better-performing treatment to the remainder of the consumer population. While these tests have traditionally been analyzed using…

Applications · Statistics 2020-12-03 Elea McDonnell Feit , Ron Berman

A/B tests are randomized experiments frequently used by companies that offer services on the Web for assessing the impact of new features. During an experiment, each user is randomly redirected to one of two versions of the website, called…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Francisco Galuppo Azevedo , Bruno Demattos Nogueira , Fabricio Murai , Ana Paula Couto da Silva

A/B testing is an important decision-making tool in product development for evaluating user engagement or satisfaction from a new service, feature or product. The goal of A/B testing is to estimate the average treatment effects (ATE) of a…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-21 Yifan Zhou , Yang Liu , Ping Li , Feifang Hu

We describe how to calculate standard errors for A/B tests that include clustered data, ratio metrics, and/or covariate adjustment. We may do this for power analysis/sample size calculations prior to running an experiment using historical…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-12 Tim Hesterberg , Ben Knight

We study the problem of high-dimensional robust mean estimation in an online setting. Specifically, we consider a scenario where $n$ sensors are measuring some common, ongoing phenomenon. At each time step $t=1,2,\ldots,T$, the $i^{th}$…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Daniel M. Kane , Ilias Diakonikolas , Hanshen Xiao , Sihan Liu

A/B testing refers to the statistical procedure of conducting an experiment to compare two treatments, A and B, applied to different testing subjects. It is widely used by technology companies such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Netflix, to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Victoria Pokhiko , Qiong Zhang , Lulu Kang , D'arcy P. Mays

Tech companies (e.g., Google or Facebook) often use randomized online experiments and/or A/B testing primarily based on the average treatment effects to compare their new product with an old one. However, it is also critically important to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-09 Chengchun Shi , Shikai Luo , Hongtu Zhu , Rui Song

In the past two decades, AB testing has proliferated to optimise products in digital domains. Traditional AB tests use fixed-horizon testing, determining the sample size of the experiment and continuing until the experiment has concluded.…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-01 Daniel Beasley

In data centers, tasks are dispatched to various servers to evenly distribute the workload. When a data center considers implementing a new scheduling algorithm, it typically conducts an A/B test prior to deployment to assess the real-world…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Nanshan Jia , Ramesh Johari , Nian Si , Zeyu Zheng

In recent years, attention has increasingly focused on enhancing user satisfaction with user interfaces, spanning both mobile applications and websites. One fundamental aspect of human-machine interaction is the concept of web usability. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Noe Zermeño , Cristina Zuheros , Lucas Daniel Del Rosso Calache , Francisco Herrera , Rosana Montes

This study presents a theoretical analysis on the efficiency of interleaving, an efficient online evaluation method for rankings. Although interleaving has already been applied to production systems, the source of its high efficiency has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Kojiro Iizuka , Hajime Morita , Makoto P. Kato

Evaluating Software testability can assist software managers in optimizing testing budgets and identifying opportunities for refactoring. In this paper, we abandon the traditional approach of pursuing testability measurements based on the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Luca Guglielmo , Andrea Riboni , Giovanni Denaro

Participants in online experiments often enroll over time, which can compromise sample representativeness due to temporal shifts in covariates. This issue is particularly critical in A/B tests, online controlled experiments extensively used…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-30 Chen Wang , Shichao Han , Shan Huang

A/B testing is a widely-used paradigm within marketing optimization because it promises identification of causal effects and because it is implemented out of the box in most messaging delivery software platforms. Modern businesses, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Schaun Wheeler

In many medical and business applications, researchers are interested in estimating individualized treatment effects using data from a randomized experiment. For example in medical applications, doctors learn the treatment effects from…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-01 Kevin Wu Han , Han Wu

In many industry settings, online controlled experimentation (A/B test) has been broadly adopted as the gold standard to measure product or feature impacts. Most research has primarily focused on user engagement type metrics, specifically…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-30 Weinan Wang , Xi Zhang

Meta-analysis aims to combine effect measures from several studies. For continuous outcomes, the most popular effect measures use simple or standardized differences in sample means. However, a number of applications focus on the absolute…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-03 Elena Kulinskaya , David C. Hoaglin

From scientific experiments to online A/B testing, the previously observed data often affects how future experiments are performed, which in turn affects which data will be collected. Such adaptivity introduces complex correlations between…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-01-03 Xinkun Nie , Xiaoying Tian , Jonathan Taylor , James Zou

The many metrics employed for the evaluation of search engine results have not themselves been conclusively evaluated. We propose a new measure for a metric's ability to identify user preference of result lists. Using this measure, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2011-03-16 Pavel Sirotkin

Online experiments are a fundamental component of the development of web-facing products. Given their large user-bases, even small product improvements can have a large impact on user engagement or profits on an absolute scale. As a result,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-23 Jacopo Soriano
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