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HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are expected to provide inertial response and frequency containment reserve (FCR) to help address the frequency control challenges caused by the growing penetration of power electronics in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Zhenghua Xu , Dominic Gross , George Alin Raducu , Hesam Khazraj , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

In this work, we analyze the effect of transmission line dynamics on grid-forming control for inverter-based AC power systems. In particular, we investigate a dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC) strategy that was recently…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-30 Dominic Groß , Marcello Colombino , Jean-Sébastien Brouillon , Florian Dörfler

This paper studies control interactions between grid-forming (GFM) converters exhibited by power and frequency oscillations in a weakly connected offshore wind power plant (WPP). Two GFM controls are considered, namely virtual synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Sulav Ghimire , Kanakesh V. Kkuni , Gabriel M. G. Guerreiro , Emerson D. Guest , Kim H. Jensen , Guangya Yang

As the penetration level of distributed energy resources (DERs) continues to rise, traditional frequency and voltage support from synchronous machines declines. This weakens grid stability and increases the need for fast and adaptive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Sihao Chen , Xue Hu , Zhaoyuan Wu

Having sufficient grid-forming sources is one of the necessary conditions to guarantee the stability in a power system hosting a very large share of inverter-based generation. The grid-forming function has been historically fulfilled by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-08 Dorsan Lepour , Mario Paolone , Guillaume Denis , Carmen Cardozo , Thibault Prevost , Emeline Guiu

We consider the problem of controlling the voltage of a distribution feeder using the reactive power capabilities of inverters. On a real distribution grid, we compare the local Volt/VAr droop control recommended in recent grid codes, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-22 Lukas Ortmann , Adrian Hauswirth , Ivo Caduff , Florian Dörfler , Saverio Bolognani

This paper presents a sub-switching period current-limiting control for a grid-tied inverter to prevent transient overcurrents during grid faults and enable seamless fault ride-through (FRT). Sudden grid-voltage disturbances, such as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-08 Jaeyeon Park , Jiyu Lee , Junyeol Maeng , Shenghui Cui

A fractional-order (FO) based controller for a grid-connected PV system is presented in this paper. A single phase two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic generator (PVG) is used to test the performance of the FO controller. The main…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-30 Shah Fahad , Nasim Ullah , Ali Jafer Mahdi , Asier Ibeas , Arman Goudarzi

This work establishes the equivalence of selected grid-forming control algorithms within the context of simplified theoretical models. Considered algorithms are droop control, Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) and matching control. It is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-01 Aidar Zhetessov

Transients of a grid-synchronized voltage source converter (VSC) are closely related to over- currents and voltages occurred under large disturbances (e.g. a grid fault). Previous analysis in evaluating these transients usually neglect the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Chen Zhang , Marta Molinas , Xu Cai , Atle Rygg

Grid-forming voltage source converter (GF-VSC) has been identified as the key technology for the operation of future converter-dominated power systems. Among many other issues, transient stability of this type of power systems remains an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-09 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio García-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist , Taoufik Qoria , Xavier Guillaud

In this paper, we analytically study the transient stability of grid-connected converters with grid-forming complex droop control, also known as dispatchable virtual oscillator control. We prove theoretically that complex droop control, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-24 Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Irina Subotić , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

Due to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, the installed capacity of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids is rapidly increasing, and grid-following control (GFL) is the most prevalent at present. Meanwhile, grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Yinhong Lin , Bin Wang , Qinglai Guo , Haotian Zhao , Hongbin Sun

Unlike conventional generators, inverter-based generation do not possess any rotational inertia. While grid-forming inverters can synthesize small (virtual) inertia via advanced feedback control loops, additional control mechanisms are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-25 Soumya Kundu , Karanjit Kalsi

Design and implementation of an optimal and robust single-loop voltage controller is proposed for single-phase grid forming voltage source inverter (VSI). The objective of the proposed controller is to have good reference tracking and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-16 Soham Chakraborty , Sourav Patel , Murti V. Salapaka

We prove that the popular grid-forming control, i.e., dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), also termed complex droop control, exhibits output-feedback passivity in its large-signal model, featuring an explicit and physically…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Xiuqiang He , Florian Dörfler

Recent work has proposed a universal framework that integrates the well-established power synchronization control into vector current control. Using this controller for the parallel operation of grid-forming converters, and/or with loads…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Orcun Karaca , Irina Subotic , Lennart Harnefors , Ioannis Tsoumas

As electric power systems evolve towards decarbonization, the transition to inverter-based resources (IBRs) presents challenges to grid stability, necessitating innovative control solutions. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) emerges as a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-08 Jingzhe Xu , Weihua Zhou , Behrooz Bahrani

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

This paper demonstrates the key features of a control system applicable to inverter-based resources (IBR), which is based on grid-forming technology. Such resources are classified as grid-forming or grid-following converters based on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Yangyadatta Tripathy , Barjeev Tyagi