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No-regret learning has emerged as a powerful tool for solving extensive-form games. This was facilitated by the counterfactual-regret minimization (CFR) framework, which relies on the instantiation of regret minimizers for simplexes at each…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

Extensive-form games (EFGs) are a common model of multi-agent interactions with imperfect information. State-of-the-art algorithms for solving these games typically perform full walks of the game tree that can prove prohibitively slow in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Trevor Davis , Martin Schmid , Michael Bowling

Extensive-form games provide a versatile framework for modeling interactions of multiple agents subjected to imperfect observations and stochastic events. In recent years, two paradigms, policy space response oracles (PSRO) and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Xinrun Wang , Jakub Cerny , Shuxin Li , Chang Yang , Zhuyun Yin , Hau Chan , Bo An

The problem of two-player zero-sum Markov games has recently attracted increasing interests in theoretical studies of multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL). In particular, for finite-horizon episodic Markov decision processes (MDPs), it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Songtao Feng , Ming Yin , Yu-Xiang Wang , Jing Yang , Yingbin Liang

We study the performance of optimistic regret-minimization algorithms for both minimizing regret in, and computing Nash equilibria of, zero-sum extensive-form games. In order to apply these algorithms to extensive-form games, a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

Hindsight rationality is an approach to playing general-sum games that prescribes no-regret learning dynamics for individual agents with respect to a set of deviations, and further describes jointly rational behavior among multiple agents…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Dustin Morrill , Ryan D'Orazio , Marc Lanctot , James R. Wright , Michael Bowling , Amy Greenwald

Online gradient descent (OGD) is well known to be doubly optimal under strong convexity or monotonicity assumptions: (1) in the single-agent setting, it achieves an optimal regret of $\Theta(\log T)$ for strongly convex cost functions; and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Michael I. Jordan , Tianyi Lin , Zhengyuan Zhou

Regret matching (RM) -- and its modern variants -- is a foundational online algorithm that has been at the heart of many AI breakthrough results in solving benchmark zero-sum games, such as poker. Yet, surprisingly little is known so far in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ioannis Anagnostides , Emanuel Tewolde , Brian Hu Zhang , Ioannis Panageas , Vincent Conitzer , Tuomas Sandholm

Multi-agent robust reinforcement learning, also known as multi-player robust Markov games (RMGs), is a crucial framework for modeling competitive interactions under environmental uncertainties, with wide applications in multi-agent systems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Yuchen Jiao , Gen Li

Reinforcement learning (RL) in large environments often suffers from severe computational bottlenecks, as conventional regret minimization algorithms require repeated, costly calls to planning and statistical estimation oracles. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Haichen Hu , Jian Qian , David Simchi-Levi

A recent emerging trend in the literature on learning in games has been concerned with providing faster learning dynamics for correlated and coarse correlated equilibria in normal-form games. Much less is known about the significantly more…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Ioannis Anagnostides , Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Andrea Celli , Tuomas Sandholm

The extensive-form game has been studied considerably in recent years. It can represent games with multiple decision points and incomplete information, and hence it is helpful in formulating games with uncertain inputs, such as poker. We…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Keigo Habara , Ellen Hidemi Fukuda , Nobuo Yamashita

In this paper, we introduce the first algorithmic framework for Blackwell approachability on the sequence-form polytope, the class of convex polytopes capturing the strategies of players in extensive-form games (EFGs). This leads to a new…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Darshan Chakrabarti , Julien Grand-Clément , Christian Kroer

Motivated by alternating learning dynamics in two-player games, a recent work by Cevher et al.(2024) shows that $o(\sqrt{T})$ alternating regret is possible for any $T$-round adversarial Online Linear Optimization (OLO) problem, and left as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Soumita Hait , Ping Li , Haipeng Luo , Mengxiao Zhang

Policy space response oracles (PSRO) is a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm that has achieved state-of-the-art performance in very large two-player zero-sum games. PSRO is based on the tabular double oracle (DO) method, an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Stephen McAleer , Kevin Wang , John Lanier , Marc Lanctot , Pierre Baldi , Tuomas Sandholm , Roy Fox

We introduce DREAM, a deep reinforcement learning algorithm that finds optimal strategies in imperfect-information games with multiple agents. Formally, DREAM converges to a Nash Equilibrium in two-player zero-sum games and to an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Eric Steinberger , Adam Lerer , Noam Brown

In this paper, we establish efficient and uncoupled learning dynamics so that, when employed by all players in multiplayer perfect-recall imperfect-information extensive-form games, the trigger regret of each player grows as $O(\log T)$…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Ioannis Anagnostides , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

Learning and equilibrium computation in games are fundamental problems across computer science and economics, with applications ranging from politics to machine learning. Much of the work in this area revolves around a simple algorithm…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Daniel Beaglehole , Max Hopkins , Daniel Kane , Sihan Liu , Shachar Lovett

We study deception in adversarial graph traversal, where a mobile agent seeks to reach a goal with minimum cost while an adversary alters edge costs to increase the total traversal cost. Unlike prior works that assume fixed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Violetta Rostobaya , James Berneburg , Daigo Shishika

The double oracle algorithm is a popular method of solving games, because it is able to reduce computing equilibria to computing a series of best responses. However, its theoretical properties are not well understood. In this paper, we…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Brian Hu Zhang , Tuomas Sandholm