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In the upcoming decades, the KM3NeT detectors will produce valuable data that can be used in various scientific contexts from astro- and particle physics to environmental and Earth and Sea science. Based on the Open Science policy…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-27 Jutta Schnabel , Piotr Kalaczyński , Cristiano Bozza , Tamas Gal

The first prototype of a photo-detection unit of the future KM3NeT neutrino telescope has been deployed in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea. This digital optical module has a novel design with a very large photocathode area…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 S. Adrián-Martínez , M. Ageron , F. Aharonian , S. Aiello , A. Albert , F. Ameli , E. G. Anassontzis , M. Anghinolfi , G. Anton , S. Anvar , M. Ardid , R. de Asmundis , K. Balasi , H. Band , G. Barbarino , E. Barbarito , F. Barbato , B. Baret , S. Baron , A. Belias , E. Berbee , A. M. van den Berg , A. Berkien , V. Bertin , S. Beurthey , V. van Beveren , N. Beverini , S. Biagi , S. Bianucci , M. Billault , A. Birbas , H. Boer Rookhuizen , R. Bormuth , V. Bouche , B. Bouhadef , G. Bourlis , M. Bouwhuis , C. Bozza , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , G. Cacopardo , L. Caillat , M. Calamai , D. Calvo , A. Capone , L. Caramete , F. Caruso , S. Cecchini , A. Ceres , R. Cereseto , C. Champion , F. Chateau , T. Chiarusi , B. Christopoulou , M. Circella , L. Classen , R. Cocimano , S. Colonges , R. Coniglione , A. Cosquer , M. Costa , P. Coyle , A. Creusot , C. Curtil , G. Cuttone , C. D'Amato , A. D'Amico , G. De Bonis , G. De Rosa , N. Deniskina , J. -J. Destelle , C. Distefano , C. Donzaud , D. Dornic , Q. Dorosti-Hasankiadeh , E. Drakopoulou7 , D. Drouhin , L. Drury , D. Durand , T. Eberl , C. Eleftheriadis , D. Elsaesser , A. Enzenhofer , P. Fermani , L. A. Fusco , D. Gajana , T. Gal , S. Galata , F. Gallo , F. Garufi , M. Gebyehu , V. Giordano , N. Gizani , R. Gracia Ruiz , K. Graf , R. Grasso , G. Grella , A. Grmek , R. Habel , H. van Haren , T. Heid , A. Heijboer , E. Heine , S. Henry , J. J. Hernandez-Rey , B. Herold , M. A. Hevinga , M. van der Hoek , J. Hofestadt , J. Hogenbirk , C. Hugon , J. Hosl , M. Imbesi , C. James , P. Jansweijer , J. Jochum , M. de Jong , M. Kadler , O. Kalekin , A. Kappes , E. Kappos , U. Katz , O. Kavatsyuk , P. Keller , G. Kieft , E. Koffeman , H. Kok , P. Kooijman , J. Koopstra , A. Korporaal , A. Kouchner , S. Koutsoukos , I. Kreykenbohm , V. Kulikovskiy , R. Lahmann , P. Lamare , G. Larosa , D. Lattuada , H. Le Provost , A. Leisos , D. Lenis , E. Leonora , M. Lindsey Clark , A. Liolios , C. D. Llorens Alvarez , H. Lohner , D. Lo Presti , F. Louis , E. Maccioni , K. Mannheim , K. Manolopoulos , A. Margiotta , O. Maris , C. Markou , J. A. Martinez-Mora , A. Martini , R. Masullo , T. Michael , P. Migliozzi , E. Migneco , A. Miraglia , C. Mollo , M. Mongelli , M. Morganti , S. Mos , Y. Moudden , P. Musico , M. Musumeci , C. Nicolaou , C. A. Nicolau , A. Orlando , A. Orzelli , K. Papageorgiou , A. Papaikonomou , R. Papaleo , G. E. Pavalas , H. Peek , C. Pellegrino , M. G. Pellegriti , C. Perrina , C. Petridou , P. Piattelli , K. Pikounis , V. Popa , Th. Pradier , M. Priede , G. Puhlhofer , S. Pulvirenti , C. Racca , F. Raffaelli , N. Randazzo , P. A. Rapidis , P. Razis , D. Real , L. Resvanis , J. Reubelt , G. Riccobene , A. Rovelli , J. Royon , M. Saldana , D. F. E. Samtleben , M. Sanguineti , A. Santangelo , P. Sapienza , I. Savvidis , J. Schmelling , J. Schnabel , M. Sedita , T. Seitz , I. Sgura , F. Simeone , I. Siotis , V. Sipala , M. Solazzo , A. Spitaleri , M. Spurio , G. Stavropoulos , J. Steijger , T. Stolarczyk , D. Stransky , M. Taiuti , G. Terreni , D. Tezier , S. Theraube , L. F. Thompson , P. Timmer , H. I. Trapierakis , L. Trasatti , A. Trovato , M. Tselengidou , A. Tsirigotis , S. Tzamarias , E. Tzamariudaki , B. Vallage , V. Van Elewyck , J. Vermeulen , P. Vernin , S. Viola , D. Vivolo , P. Werneke , L. Wiggers , J. Wilms , E. de Wolf , R. H. L. van Wooning , K. Yatkin , K. Zachariadou , E. Zonca , J. D. Zornoza , J. Zúñiga , A. Zwart

In astrophysics, the two main methods traditionally in use for solving the Euler equations of ideal fluid dynamics are smoothed particle hydrodynamics and finite volume discretization on a stationary mesh. However, the goal to efficiently…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-03-01 Andreas Bauer , Kevin Schaal , Volker Springel , Praveen Chandrashekar , Rüdiger Pakmor , Christian Klingenberg

We provide comprehensive calculations of total muon fluxes, energy and angular spectra, and mean muon energies in deep underground laboratories - under flat overburdens and mountains and underwater - using our latest calculation code, MUTE…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-09-19 William Woodley , Anatoli Fedynitch , Marie-Cécile Piro

With the motivation to improve experimental gains and precision, established astroparticle experiments are currently undergoing massive upgrades. In addition, several new experiments are being built or planned. With the resulting gain in…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-05-08 Dominik Baack

Muon imaging, a non-invasive technique that utilizes naturally occurring cosmic muons, has emerged as a promising tool for exploring underwater objects, including shipwrecks. This study investigates the potential of muon radiography to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-10-09 Anzori Sh. Georgadze

The Fortran-versions of the CORSIKA air shower simulation code have been at the core of simulations for many astroparticle physics experiments for the last 30 years. Having grown over decades into an ever more complex software,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-11-30 Alexander Sandrock

Theoretical predictions for neutrino fluxes indicate that km$^{3}$ scale detectors are needed to detect certain astrophysical sources. The three Mediterranean experiments, ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR are working together on a design study,…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-14 J. Carr , D. Dornic , F. Jouvenot , G. Maurin

CORSIKA up to version 7 has been the most-used Monte Carlo code for simulating extensive air showers for more than 20 years. Due to its monolithic, Fortran-based software design and hand-optimized code, however, it has become difficult to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-08-11 Tim Huege , Maximilian Reininghaus

KM3NeT, a new generation of neutrino telescope, is currently being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. While its two sites, ORCA and ARCA, were respectively designed for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and high-energy neutrino…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-12-15 Gwenhaël de Wasseige

For the first time a complete set of the most recent direct data on primary cosmic ray spectra is used as input into calculations of muon flux at sea level in wide energy range $E_\mu=1-3\cdot10^5$ GeV. Computations have been performed with…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 A. A. Lagutin , A. G. Tyumentsev , A. V. Yushkov

CORSIKA 8 represents a significant update in the simulation of particle showers, building on the well-established foundation of CORSIKA 7. It has been entirely rewritten as a modular and modern C++ framework, addressing the limitations of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-08-13 Marvin Gottowik

The seasonal variation of single muons is a well-understood phenomenon, mainly driven by a positive correlation with temperature fluctuations in the atmospheric profiles. However, the rate of multi-muon events recorded by various…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-23 Jordi Tuneu , Eva Santos , Peter Filip

The GRAPES-3 muon telescope located in Ooty, India records 4x10^9 muons daily. These muons are produced by interaction of primary cosmic rays (PCRs) in the atmosphere. The high statistics of muons enables GRAPES-3 to make precise…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-19 B. Hariharan , S. R. Dugad , S. K. Gupta , Y. Hayashi , S. S. R. Inbanathan , P. Jagadeesan , A. Jain , S. Kawakami , P. K. Mohanty , B. S. Rao

The air shower simulation code CORSIKA has served as a key part of the simulation chain for numerous astroparticle physics experiments over the past decades. Due to retirement of the original developers and the increasingly difficult…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-08-15 Alexander Sandrock , Jean-Marco Alameddine , Felix Riehn

We present the results of FLUKA simulations of the propagation of cosmogenic muons in a 20 kton spherical liquid scintillator detector underneath 700 to 900 meters of rock. A showering muon is one which deposits at least 3 GeV in the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2015-11-05 Marco Grassi , Jarah Evslin , Emilio Ciuffoli , Xinmin Zhang

Measurements of the muon content of extensive air showers at the highest energies show discrepancies compared to simulations as large as the differences between proton and iron. This so-called muon puzzle is commonly attributed to a lack of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-09-21 Maximilian Reininghaus , Ralf Ulrich , Tanguy Pierog

A prototype detection unit of the KM3NeT deep-sea neutrino telescope has been installed at 3500m depth 80km offshore the Italian coast. KM3NeT in its final configuration will contain several hundreds of detection units. Each detection unit…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-04-06 KM3NeT Collaboration , S. Adrián-Martínez , M. Ageron , F. Aharonian , S. Aiello , A. Albert , F. Ameli , E. G. Anassontzis , G. C. Androulakis , M. Anghinolfi , G. Anton , S. Anvar , M. Ardid , T. Avgitas , K. Balasi , H. Band , G. Barbarino , E. Barbarito , F. Barbato , B. Baret , S. Baron , J. Barrios , A. Belias , E. Berbee , A. M. van den Berg , A. Berkien , V. Bertin , S. Beurthey , V. van Beveren , N. Beverini , S. Biagi , A. Biagioni , S. Bianucci , M. Billault , A. Birbas , H. Boer Rookhuizen , R. Bormuth , V. Bouché , B. Bouhadef , G. Bourlis , C. Boutonnet , M. Bouwhuis , C. Bozza , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , G. Cacopardo , L. Caillat , M. Calamai , D. Calvo , A. Capone , L. Caramete , F. Caruso , S. Cecchini , A. Ceres , R. Cereseto , C. Champion , F. Château , T. Chiarusi , B. Christopoulou , M. Circella , L. Classen , R. Cocimano , A. Coleiro , S. Colonges , R. Coniglione , A. Cosquer , M. Costa , P. Coyle , A. Creusot , G. Cuttone , C. D'Amato , A. D'Amico , G. De Bonis , G. De Rosa , N. Deniskina , J. -J. Destelle , C. Distefano , F. Di Capua , C. Donzaud , D. Dornic , Q. Dorosti-Hasankiadeh , E. Drakopoulou , D. Drouhin , L. Drury , D. Durand , T. Eberl , D. Elsaesser , A. Enzenhöfer , P. Fermani , L. A. Fusco , D. Gajanana , T. Gal , S. Galatà , F. Garufi , M. Gebyehu , V. Giordano , N. Gizani , R. GraciaRuiz , K. Graf , R. Grasso , G. Grella , A. Grmek , R. Habel , H. van Haren , T. Heid , A. Heijboer , E. Heine , S. Henry , J. J. Hernández-Rey , B. Herold , M. A. Hevinga , M. van der Hoek , J. Hofestädt , J. Hogenbirk , C. Hugon , J. Hößl , M. Imbesi , C. W. James , P. Jansweijer , J. Jochum , M. de Jong , M. Jongen , M. Kadler , O. Kalekin , A. Kappes , E. Kappos , U. Katz , O. Kavatsyuk , P. Keller , G. Kieft , E. Koffeman , H. Kok , P. Kooijman , J. Koopstra , A. Korporaal , A. Kouchner , I. Kreykenbohm , V. Kulikovskiy , R. Lahmann , P. Lamare , G. Larosa , D. Lattuada , H. Le Provost , K. P. Leismüller , A. Leisos , D. Lenis , E. Leonora , M. LindseyClark , C. D. Llorens Alvarez , H. Löhner , A. Lonardo , S. Loucatos , F. Louis , E. Maccioni , K. Mannheim , K. Manolopoulos , A. Margiotta , O. Mariş , C. Markou , J. A. Martínez-Mora , A. Martini , R. Masullo , K. W. Melis , T. Michael , P. Migliozzi , E. Migneco , A. Miraglia , C. M. Mollo , M. Mongelli , M. Morganti , S. Mos , Y. Moudden , P. Musico , M. Musumeci , C. Nicolaou , C. A. Nicolau , A. Orlando , A. Orzelli , A. Papaikonomou , R. Papaleo , G. E. Păvălaş , H. Peek , C. Pellegrino , M. G. Pellegriti , C. Perrina , P. Piattelli , K. Pikounis , V. Popa , Th. Pradier , M. Priede , G. Pühlhofer , S. Pulvirenti , C. Racca , F. Raffaelli , N. Randazzo , P. A. Rapidis , P. Razis , D. Real , L. Resvanis , J. Reubelt , G. Riccobene , A. Rovelli , M. Saldaña , D. F. E. Samtleben , M. Sanguineti , A. Santangelo , P. Sapienza , J. Schmelling , J. Schnabel , V. Sciacca , M. Sedita , T. Seitz , I. Sgura , F. Simeone , V. Sipala , A. Spitaleri , M. Spurio , G. Stavropoulos , J. Steijger , T. Stolarczyk , D. Stransky , M. Taiuti , G. Terreni , D. Tézier , S. Théraube , L. F. Thompson , P. Timmer , L. Trasatti , A. Trovato , M. Tselengidou , A. Tsirigotis , S. Tzamarias , E. Tzamariudaki , B. Vallage , V. Van Elewyck , J. Vermeulen , P. Vernin , P. Vicini , S. Viola , D. Vivolo , P. Werneke , L. Wiggers , J. Wilms , E. de Wolf , R. H. L. van Wooning , E. Zonca , J. D. Zornoza , J. Zúñiga , A. Zwart

The discrepancy between models and data regarding the muon content in air showers generated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays still needs to be solved. The CONEX simulation framework provides a flexible tool to assess the impact of different…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-12-30 Ana Martina Botti , Isabel Astrid Goos , Matias Perlin , Tanguy Pierog

The CORSIKA 8 project is a collaborative effort aiming to develop a versatile C++ framework for the simulation of extensive air showers, intended to eventually succeed the long-standing FORTRAN version. I present an overview of its current…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-04-09 Maximilian Reininghaus