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Large Language Model or LLM inference has two phases, the prompt (or prefill) phase to output the first token and the extension (or decoding) phase to the generate subsequent tokens. In this work, we propose an efficient parallelization…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Minsik Cho , Mohammad Rastegari , Devang Naik

Long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has significantly advanced the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), but this progress is accompanied by substantial memory and latency overhead from the extensive Key-Value (KV) cache. Although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Tao Zhang , Ziqian Zeng , Hao Peng , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen

The deployment of long-context Large Language Models (LLMs) poses significant challenges due to the intense computational cost of self-attention and the substantial memory overhead of the Key-Value Cache (KV Cache). In this paper, we…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Haoxuan Wang , Chen Wang

Long-context Large Language Model (LLM) inference faces increasing compute bottlenecks as attention calculations scale with context length, primarily due to the growing KV-cache transfer overhead that saturates High Bandwidth Memory (HBM).…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Ming-Yen Lee , Faaiq Waqar , Hanchen Yang , Muhammed Ahosan Ul Karim , Harsono Simka , Shimeng Yu

Reducing the key-value (KV) cache burden in Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly accelerates inference. Dynamically selecting critical KV caches during decoding helps maintain performance. Existing methods use random linear hashing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Wenhao Li , Yuxin Zhang , Gen Luo , Haiyuan Wan , Ziyang Gong , Fei Chao , Rongrong Ji

Cache fusion accelerates generation process of LLMs equipped with RAG through KV caching and selective token recomputation, thereby reducing computational costs and improving efficiency. However, existing methods primarily rely on local…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Jianxin Yan , Zeheng Qian , Wangze Ni , Zhitao Shen , Zhiping Wang , Haoyang Li , Jia Zhu , Lei Chen , Kui Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in natural language processing and generation, yet their ability to handle long-context input remains constrained by the quadratic complexity of attention computation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Manlai Liang , Wanyi Huang , Mandi Liu , Huaijun Li , Jinlong Li

The growing context length of Large Language Models (LLMs) enlarges the Key-Value (KV) cache, limiting deployment in resource-limited environments. Prior training-free approaches for KV cache compression typically rely on low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yixuan Wang , Qingyu Shi , Jiayu Zhou , Dianbo Liu , Ziwei He , Zhouhan Lin

As the length of input text increases, the key-value (KV) cache in LLMs imposes prohibitive GPU memory costs and limits long-context inference on resource constrained devices. Existing approaches, such as KV quantization and pruning, reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Tenghui Li , Guoxu Zhou , Xuyang Zhao , Yuning Qiu , Qibin Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) face limitations due to the high demand on GPU memory and computational resources when handling long contexts. While sparsify the Key-Value (KV) cache of transformer model is a typical strategy to alleviate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Yumeng Wang , Zhenyang Xiao

KV caching significantly improves the efficiency of Large Language Model (LLM) inference by storing attention states from previously processed tokens, enabling faster generation of subsequent tokens. However, as sequence length increases,…

As large language models (LLMs) continue to scale, the memory footprint of key-value (KV) caches during inference has become a significant bottleneck. Existing approaches primarily focus on compressing KV caches within a single prompt or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xinye Zhao , Spyridon Mastorakis

The size of the key-value (KV) cache plays a critical role in determining both the maximum context length and the number of concurrent requests supported during inference in modern language models. The KV cache size grows proportionally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Shashank Rajput , Ying Sheng , Sean Owen , Vitaliy Chiley

Efficient inference for on-device Large Language Models (LLMs) remains challenging due to limited hardware resources and the high cost of the prefill stage, which processes the full input context to construct Key-Value (KV) caches. We…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Hongyao Liu , Liuqun Zhai , Junyi Wang , Zhengru Fang

Contemporary systems serving large language models (LLMs) have adopted prefill-decode disaggregation to better load-balance between the compute-bound prefill phase and the memory-bound decode phase. Under this design, prefill workers…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yipin Guo , Siddharth Joshi

With the development of large language models (LLMs), efficient inference through Key-Value (KV) cache compression has attracted considerable attention, especially for long-context generation. To compress the KV cache, recent methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Qingyue Yang , Jie Wang , Xing Li , Zhihai Wang , Chen Chen , Lei Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao , Mingxuan Yuan , Bin Li

We demonstrate that unstructured sparsity significantly improves KV cache compression for LLMs, enabling sparsity levels up to 70% without compromising accuracy or requiring fine-tuning. We conduct a systematic exploration of pruning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Donghyeon Joo , Helya Hosseini , Ramyad Hadidi , Bahar Asgari

The expanding context windows in large language models (LLMs) have greatly enhanced their capabilities in various applications, but they also introduce significant challenges in maintaining low latency, particularly in Time to First Token…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yi Xiong , Hao Wu , Changxu Shao , Ziqing Wang , Rui Zhang , Yuhong Guo , Junping Zhao , Ke Zhang , Zhenxuan Pan

Despite the significant success of large language models (LLMs), their extensive memory requirements pose challenges for deploying them in long-context token generation. The substantial memory footprint of LLM decoders arises from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Amir Zandieh , Insu Han , Vahab Mirrokni , Amin Karbasi

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer inference-time memory bottlenecks dominated by the attention Key-Value (KV) cache, which scales with model size and context length. While KV-cache quantization alleviates this cost, bit allocation between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mohsen Hariri , Alan Luo , Weicong Chen , Shaochen Zhong , Tianyi Zhang , Qifan Wang , Xia Hu , Xiaotian Han , Vipin Chaudhary
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