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Text-to-SQL has attracted attention from both the natural language processing and database communities because of its ability to convert the semantics in natural language into SQL queries and its practical application in building natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Naihao Deng , Yulong Chen , Yue Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance on natural language to SQL (NL2SQL) benchmarks, yet their reported accuracy may be inflated by contamination from benchmark queries or structurally similar patterns seen during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mohammadtaher Safarzadeh , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Afshin Orojlooyjadid , Graham Horwood , Dan Roth

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a new paradigm for Text-to-SQL task. However, the absence of a systematical benchmark inhibits the development of designing effective, efficient and economic LLM-based Text-to-SQL solutions. To…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Dawei Gao , Haibin Wang , Yaliang Li , Xiuyu Sun , Yichen Qian , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

The Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) technique is used to convert natural language queries into executable SQL statements. Typically, slot-filling is employed as a classification method for multi-task cases to achieve this goal. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Chenduo Hao , Xu Zhang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) tasks, yet most NL2SQL systems continue to rely on the autoregressive (AR) paradigm. The highly structured nature of SQL makes…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Peixian Ma , Xialie Zhuang , Jiantao Tan , Changlun Li , Ruirui Chen , Chengwei Qin

With the proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Business Intelligence (BI), existing solutions face critical challenges in industrial deployments: functionality deficiencies from legacy systems failing to meet evolving LLM-era…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful tool in advancing the Text-to-SQL task, significantly outperforming traditional methods.Nevertheless, as a nascent research field, there is still no consensus on the optimal prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Bin Zhang , Yuxiao Ye , Guoqing Du , Xiaoru Hu , Zhishuai Li , Chi Harold Liu , Zhiwei Xu , Guoliang Fan , Rui Zhao , Ziyue Li , Hangyu Mao

Recent advances in Text-to-SQL have achieved strong results in static, single-turn tasks, where models generate SQL queries from natural language questions. However, these systems fall short in real-world interactive scenarios, where user…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Linzhuang Sun , Tianyu Guo , Hao Liang , Yuying Li , Qifeng Cai , Jingxuan Wei , Bihui Yu , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui

Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) provides a new model-centric paradigm that simplifies database access for non-technical users by converting natural language queries into SQL commands. Recent advancements, particularly those integrating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Jian Chen , Zhenyan Chen , Xuming Hu , Peilin Zhou , Yining Hua , Han Fang , Cissy Hing Yee Choy , Xinmei Ke , Jingfeng Luo , Zixuan Yuan

The natural language to SQL (NL2SQL) task plays a pivotal role in democratizing data access by enabling non-expert users to interact with relational databases through intuitive language. While recent frameworks have enhanced translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 David Onyango , Naseef Mansoor

Real-world enterprise text-to-SQL workflows often involve complex cloud or local data across various database systems, multiple SQL queries in various dialects, and diverse operations from data transformation to analytics. We introduce…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in assisting users to query databases in natural language. While LLM-based techniques provide state-of-the-art results on many standard benchmarks, their performance significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Nina Narodytska , Shay Vargaftik

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in natural language to SQL (NL2SQL) tasks within general databases. However, extending to GeoSQL introduces additional complexity from spatial data types, function invocation, and…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Shuyang Hou , Haoyue Jiao , Ziqi Liu , Lutong Xie , Guanyu Chen , Shaowen Wu , Xuefeng Guan , Huayi Wu

The proliferation of unstructured data poses a fundamental challenge to traditional database interfaces. While Text-to-SQL has democratized access to structured data, it remains incapable of interpreting semantic or multi-modal queries.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Zhengren Wang , Dongwen Yao , Bozhou Li , Dongsheng Ma , Bo Li , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Bin Cui , Linpeng Tang , Wentao Zhang

Text-to-SQL enables users to interact with databases using natural language, simplifying the retrieval and synthesis of information. Despite the remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) in translating natural language questions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Gyubok Lee , Woosog Chay , Seonhee Cho , Edward Choi

Evaluation for many natural language understanding (NLU) tasks is broken: Unreliable and biased systems score so highly on standard benchmarks that there is little room for researchers who develop better systems to demonstrate their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Samuel R. Bowman , George E. Dahl

In recent years Business Intelligence (BI) systems have consistently been rated as one of the highest priorities of Information Systems (IS) and business leaders. BI allows firms to apply information for supporting their processes and…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-05-09 Vahid Farrokhi , Laszlo Pokoradi

Evaluating Text-to-SQL agents in private business intelligence (BI) settings is challenging due to the scarcity of realistic, domain-specific data. While synthetic evaluation data offers a scalable solution, existing generation methods fail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Jinhui Liu , Ximeng Zhang , Yanbo Ai , Zhou Yu

Natural Language Interfaces for Databases empower non-technical users to interact with data using natural language (NL). Advanced approaches, utilizing either neural sequence-to-sequence or more recent sophisticated large-scale language…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yuankai Fan , Tonghui Ren , Can Huang , Zhenying He , X. Sean Wang

We present a benchmark targeting a novel class of systems: semantic query processing engines. Those systems rely inherently on generative and reasoning capabilities of state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs). They extend SQL with…