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Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) enables intuitive interactions with databases by transforming natural language queries into structured SQL statements. Despite recent advancements in enhancing human-computer interaction within database…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Peixian Ma , Xialie Zhuang , Chengjin Xu , Xuhui Jiang , Ran Chen , Jian Guo

With the development of the Large Language Models (LLMs), a large range of LLM-based Text-to-SQL(Text2SQL) methods have emerged. This survey provides a comprehensive review of LLM-based Text2SQL studies. We first enumerate classic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Liang Shi , Zhengju Tang , Nan Zhang , Xiaotong Zhang , Zhi Yang

Text-to-SQL systems facilitate smooth interaction with databases by translating natural language queries into Structured Query Language (SQL), bridging the gap between non-technical users and complex database management systems. This survey…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Aditi Singh , Akash Shetty , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced Text-to-SQL (NL2SQL) systems, yet evaluating the semantic equivalence of generated SQL remains a challenge, especially given ambiguous user queries and multiple valid SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Qingyun Zeng , Simin Ma , Arash Niknafs , Ashish Basran , Carol Szabo

With the future striving toward data-centric decision-making, seamless access to databases is of utmost importance. There is extensive research on creating an efficient text-to-sql (TEXT2SQL) model to access data from the database. Using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Ayush Kumar , Parth Nagarkar , Prabhav Nalhe , Sanjeev Vijayakumar

Querying a relational database is difficult because it requires users to know both the SQL language and be familiar with the schema. On the other hand, many users possess enough domain familiarity or expertise to describe their desired…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Christopher Baik , Zhongjun Jin , Michael Cafarella , H. V. Jagadish

Schema design, particularly normalization, is a critical yet often overlooked factor in natural language to SQL (NL2SQL) systems. Most prior research evaluates models on fixed schemas, overlooking the influence of design on performance. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Ryosuke Kohita

Transforming natural language into SQL queries (NL2SQL) is crucial for data-driven business applications. Existing frameworks, trained on open-source datasets, struggle with complex business logic and lack domain-specific data for…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Song Cheng , Qiannan Cheng , Linbo Jin , Lei Yi , Guannan Zhang

Open-weight large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced performance in the Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) task. However, their effectiveness diminishes when dealing with large database schemas, as the context length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Dai Quoc Nguyen , Cong Duy Vu Hoang , Duy Vu , Gioacchino Tangari , Thanh Tien Vu , Don Dharmasiri , Yuan-Fang Li , Long Duong

A natural language interface (NLI) to databases is an interface that translates a natural language question to a structured query that is executable by database management systems (DBMS). However, an NLI that is trained in the general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Jingjing Li , Wenlu Wang , Wei-Shinn Ku , Yingtao Tian , Haixun Wang

We present RubikSQL, a novel NL2SQL system designed to address key challenges in real-world enterprise-level NL2SQL, such as implicit intents and domain-specific terminology. RubikSQL frames NL2SQL as a lifelong learning task, demanding…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly powering Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) systems, enabling non-expert users to query industrial databases using natural language. While test-time scaling strategies have shown promise in LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jiajing Guo , Kenil Patel , Jorge Piazentin Ono , Wenbin He , Liu Ren

Converting natural language (NL) questions into SQL queries, referred to as Text-to-SQL, has emerged as a pivotal technology for facilitating access to relational databases, especially for users without SQL knowledge. Recent progress in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yiming Huang , Jiyu Guo , Wenxin Mao , Cuiyun Gao , Peiyi Han , Chuanyi Liu , Qing Ling

Querying databases for the right information is a time consuming and error-prone task and often requires experienced professionals for the job. Furthermore, the user needs to have some prior knowledge about the database. There have been…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Manu Joseph , Harsh Raj , Anubhav Yadav , Aaryamann Sharma

Text-to-SQL benchmarks play a crucial role in evaluating the progress made in the field and the ranking of different models. However, accurately matching a model-generated SQL query to a reference SQL query in a benchmark fails for various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Mohammadreza Pourreza , Davood Rafiei

Translating natural language to visualization (NL2VIS) has shown great promise for visual data analysis, but it remains a challenging task that requires multiple low-level implementations, such as natural language processing and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Nan Chen , Yuge Zhang , Jiahang Xu , Kan Ren , Yuqing Yang

Despite the advancements of large language models, text2sql still faces many challenges, particularly with complex and domain-specific queries. In finance, database designs and financial reporting layouts vary widely between financial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Quang Hung Nguyen , Phuong Anh Trinh , Phan Quoc Hung Mai , Tuan Phong Trinh

We present new data and semantic parsing methods for the problem of mapping English sentences to Bash commands (NL2Bash). Our long-term goal is to enable any user to perform operations such as file manipulation, search, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-05 Xi Victoria Lin , Chenglong Wang , Luke Zettlemoyer , Michael D. Ernst

Logging is a critical function in modern distributed applications, but the lack of standardization in log query languages and formats creates significant challenges. Developers currently must write ad hoc queries in platform-specific…

NoSQL databases have become increasingly popular due to their outstanding performance in handling large-scale, unstructured, and semi-structured data, highlighting the need for user-friendly interfaces to bridge the gap between…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jinwei Lu , Yuanfeng Song , Zhiqian Qin , Haodi Zhang , Chen Zhang , Raymond Chi-Wing Wong