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A new generation of wide-field radio interferometers designed for 21-cm surveys is being built as drift scan instruments allowing them to observe large fractions of the sky. With large numbers of antennas and frequency channels the enormous…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-10-10 Philippe Berger , Niels Oppermann , Ue-Li Pen , J. Richard Shaw

An optimal estimation inverse method is presented which can be used to retrieve simultaneously vertical profiles of temperature and specific humidity, in addition to surface pressure, from satellite-to-satellite radio occultation…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Paul I. Palmer , J. J. Barnett , J. R. Eyre , S. B. Healy

The upcoming Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) are expected to have the collecting area required to detect potential biosignature gases such as molecular oxygen, $\mathrm{O_2}$, in the atmosphere of terrestrial planets around nearby stars.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-18 Surangkhana Rukdee , Sagi Ben-Ami , Mercedes López-Morales , Andrew Szentgyorgyi , David Charbonneau , Juliana García-Mejía , Johannes Buchner

Near-surface air temperature is a key physical property of the Earth's surface. Although weather stations offer continuous monitoring and satellites provide broad spatial coverage, no single data source offers seamless data in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Shengjie Kris Liu , Siqin Wang , Lu Zhang

Formation-flying studies to date have required continuous and minute corrections of the orbital elements and attitudes of the spacecraft.This increases the complexity, and associated risk, of controlling the formation, which often makes…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-06 Jan E. S. Bergman , Richard J. Blott , Alistair B. Forbes , David A. Humphreys , David W. Robinson , Constantinos Stavrinidis

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a high-resolution seismic imaging method that estimates subsurface velocity by matching simulated and recorded waveforms. However, FWI is highly nonlinear, prone to cycle skipping, and sensitive to noise,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xinquan Huang , Paris Perdikaris

Diffusion models have recently emerged as a promising framework for Image Restoration (IR), owing to their ability to produce high-quality reconstructions and their compatibility with established methods. Existing methods for solving noisy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Kyungsung Lee , Donggyu Lee , Myungjoo Kang

Air-sea interface fluxes significantly impact the reliability and efficiency of maritime communication. Compared to sparse in-situ ocean observations, satellite remote sensing data offers broader coverage and extended temporal span. This…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-20 Hanyue Ni , Jingsong Yang , Lin Ren , Xiaohui Li , Changming Dong , Wen Chen

The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment's Fourier Transform Spectrometer on the SCISAT satellite has been measuring infrared transmission spectra of Earth during Solar occultations since 2004. We use these data to build an infrared transit…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-12-12 Evelyn J. R. Macdonald , Nicolas B. Cowan

Traditional solar forecasting models are based on several years of site-specific historical irradiance data, often spanning five or more years, which are unavailable for newer photovoltaic farms. As renewable energy is highly intermittent,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Aditya Mishra , Ravindra T , Srinivasan Iyengar , Shivkumar Kalyanaraman , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

The recent accelerated growth in space-related research and development activities makes the near-term need for long-term extraterrestrial habitats evident. Such habitats must operate under continuous disruptive conditions arising from…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-04 Mahindra Rautela , Motahareh Mirfarah , Christian Silva , Shirley Dyke , Amin Maghareh , S. Gopalakrishnan

The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly in the Solar Dynamics Observatory provides full Sun images every 1 seconds in each of 7 Extreme Ultraviolet passbands. However, for a significant amount of these images, saturation affects their most intense…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-09-02 Gabriele Torre , Richard A Schwartz , Federico Benvenuto , Anna Maria Massone , Michele Piana

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is crucial for reconstructing high-resolution subsurface models, but it is often hindered, considering the limited data, by its null space resulting in low-resolution models, and more importantly, by its…

Geophysics · Physics 2025-10-23 Xinquan Huang , Fu Wang , Tariq Alkhalifah

Earth Observation Foundation Models (EOFMs) have exploded in prevalence as tools for processing the massive volumes of remotely sensed and other earth observation data, and for delivering impact on the many essential earth monitoring tasks.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ryan P. Demilt , Nicholas LaHaye , Karis Tenneson

Radio-frequency interference (RFI) is a major systematic limitation in radio astronomy, particularly for science cases requiring high sensitivity, such as 21 cm cosmology. Traditionally, RFI is dealt with by identifying its signature in the…

The next generation of radio surveys is going to be transformative for cosmology and other aspects of our understanding of astrophysics. Realistic simulations of radio observations are essential for the design and planning of radio surveys.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-30 Tobias Vičánek Martínez , Henrik W. Edler , Marcus Brüggen

Understanding space weather is vital for the protection of our terrestrial and space infrastructure. In order to predict space weather accurately, large amounts of data are required, particularly in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrum.…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-02 Manuel Indaco , Daniel Gass , William James Fawcett , Richard Galvez , Paul J. Wright , Andrés Muñoz-Jaramillo

Inverse problems have many applications in science and engineering. In Computer vision, several image restoration tasks such as inpainting, deblurring, and super-resolution can be formally modeled as inverse problems. Recently, methods have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Sai Bharath Chandra Gutha , Ricardo Vinuesa , Hossein Azizpour

An inverse source reconstruction (ISR) based 3-D near-field (NF) passive radar microwave imaging method utilizing modulated signals is presented. The modulated signals from a non-cooperative transmitter are scattered by the targets of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-06 Quanfeng Wang , Alexander H. Paulus , Thomas F. Eibert

An Atmospheric Monitoring System (AMS) is a mandatory and key device of a space-based mission which aims to detect Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) and Extremely-High Energy Cosmic Rays (EHECR) from Space. JEM-EUSO has a dedicated…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 M. D. Rodriguez Frias , S. Toscano , E. Bozzo , L. del Peral , A. Neronov , S. Wada