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Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is recognized as a unifying framework for modeling a wide range of problems. Problems can be solved with commercial solvers customized for solving QUBO and since QUBO have degree two, it is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-27 Amit Verma , Mark Lewis , Gary Kochenberger

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization models are useful for solving a diverse range of optimization problems. Constraints can be added by incorporating quadratic penalty terms into the objective, often with the introduction of slack…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-18 Amit Verma , Mark Lewis

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problem (QUBO) has become a unifying model for representing a wide range of combinatorial optimization problems, and for linking a variety of disciplines that face these problems. A new class…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Mark Lewis , Fred Glover

We extend the family of problems that may be implemented on an adiabatic quantum optimizer (AQO). When a quadratic optimization problem has at least one set of discrete controls and the constraints are linear, we call this a quadratic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-16 Rishabh Chandra , N. Tobias Jacobson , Jonathan E. Moussa , Steven H. Frankel , Sabre Kais

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) has become the standard format for optimization using quantum computers, i.e., for both the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) and quantum annealing (QA). We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-26 Thomas Gabor , Marian Lingsch Rosenfeld , Sebastian Feld , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

The quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem arises in diverse optimization applications ranging from Ising spin problems to classical problems in graph theory and binary discrete optimization. The use of preprocessing to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-29 Fred Glover , Mark Lewis , Gary Kochenberger

Optimisation algorithms designed to work on quantum computers or other specialised hardware have been of research interest in recent years. Many of these solver can only optimise problems that are in binary and quadratic form. Quadratic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-23 Mayowa Ayodele

Obtaining Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimisation models for various optimisation problems, in order to solve those on physical quantum computers (such as the the DWave annealers) is nowadays a lengthy and tedious process that requires…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Armin Wolf , Cristian Grozea

Quantum Annealing (QA) can efficiently solve combinatorial optimization problems whose objective functions are represented by Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulations. For broader applicability of QA, quadratization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-29 Hyakka Nakada , Shu Tanaka

Combinatorial optimization problems are typically formulated using Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO), where constraints are enforced through penalty terms that introduce auxiliary variables and rapidly increase Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Shashank Sanjay Bhat , Peiyong Wang , Joseph West , Udaya Parampalli

Optimizing objective functions stands to benefit significantly from leveraging quantum computers, promising enhanced solution quality across various application domains in the future. However, harnessing the potential of quantum solvers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Deborah Volpe , Nils Quetschlich , Mariagrazia Graziano , Giovanna Turvani , Robert Wille

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is a general-purpose modeling framework for combinatorial optimization problems and is a requirement for quantum annealers. This paper utilizes the eigenvalue decomposition of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-22 Amit Verma , Mark Lewis

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) provides problem formulations for various computational problems that can be solved with dedicated QUBO solvers, which can be based on classical or quantum computation. A common approach to…

With the applications of quantum computing becoming more and more widespread, finding ways that allow end users without experience in the field to apply quantum computers to solve their individual problems is becoming a crucial task.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-18 Damian Rovara , Nils Quetschlich , Robert Wille

Several combinatorial optimization problems can be solved with NISQ devices once that a corresponding quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form is derived. The aim of this work is to drastically reduce the variables needed for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Dario De Santis , Salvatore Tirone , Stefano Marmi , Vittorio Giovannetti

Many of the envisioned use-cases for quantum computers involve optimisation processes. While there are many algorithmic primitives to perform the required calculations, all eventually lead to quantum gates operating on quantum bits, with an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Lukas Schmidbauer , Elisabeth Lobe , Ina Schaefer , Wolfgang Mauerer

Algorithms and hardware for solving quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems have made significant recent progress. This advancement has focused attention on formulating combinatorial optimization problems as quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yuta Shikuri

Quantum computing offers significant potential for solving NP-hard combinatorial (optimization) problems that are beyond the reach of classical computers. One way to tap into this potential is by reformulating combinatorial problems as a…

This paper introduces the use of tailored variational forms for variational quantum eigensolver that have properties of representing certain constraints on the search domain of a linear constrained quadratic binary optimization problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-30 Miguel Paredes Quinones , Catarina Junqueira

Real-world optimization problems must undergo a series of transformations before becoming solvable on current quantum hardware. Even for a fixed problem, the number of possible transformation paths -- from industry-relevant formulations…

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