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Constraints make hard optimization problems even harder to solve on quantum devices because they are implemented with large energy penalties and additional qubit overhead. The parity mapping, which has been introduced as an alternative to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-20 Maike Drieb-Schön , Kilian Ender , Younes Javanmard , Wolfgang Lechner

With the advances in customized hardware for quantum annealing and digital/CMOS Annealing, Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) models have received growing attention in the optimization literature. Motivated by an existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-05 Oksana Pichugina , Yingcong Tan , Christopher Beck

Combinatorial optimization problems, integral to various scientific and industrial applications, often vary significantly in their complexity and computational difficulty. Transforming such problems into Quadratic Unconstrained Binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Thore Gerlach , Sascha Mücke

In recent years, there has been significant research interest in solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimisation (QUBO) problems. Physics-inspired optimisation algorithms have been proposed for deriving optimal or sub-optimal solutions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Mayowa Ayodele , Richard Allmendinger , Manuel López-Ibáñez , Matthieu Parizy

This tutorial offers a quick, hands-on introduction to solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) models on currently available quantum computers and their simulators. We cover both IBM and D-Wave machines: IBM utilizes a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Arul Mazumder , Sridhar Tayur

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems are well-studied, not least because they can be approached using contemporary quantum annealing or classical hardware acceleration. However, due to limited precision and hardware…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-06 Sascha Mücke , Thore Gerlach , Nico Piatkowski

We consider quadratic optimization in variables $(x,y)$ where $0\le x\le y$, and $y\in\{0,1\}^n$. Such binary $y$ are commonly refered to as "indicator" or "switching" variables and occur commonly in applications. One approach to such…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-13 Samuel Burer , Kurt Anstreicher

Constrained combinatorial optimization problems are frequently reformulated as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) models in order to leverage emerging quantum optimization algorithms such as the Variational Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Xin Wei Lee , Hoong Chuin Lau

The prospect of quantum solutions for complicated optimization problems is contingent on mapping the original problem onto a tractable quantum energy landscape, e.g. an Ising-type Hamiltonian. Subsequently, techniques like adiabatic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-17 Sebastian Egginger , Kristina Kirova , Sonja Bruckner , Stefan Hillmich , Richard Kueng

Many computational problems involve optimization over discrete variables with quadratic interactions. Known as discrete quadratic models (DQMs), these problems in general are NP-hard. Accordingly, there is increasing interest in encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-16 Tristan Zaborniak , Ulrike Stege

In the era of quantum computing, the emergence of quantum computers and subsequent advancements have led to the development of various quantum algorithms capable of solving linear equations and eigenvalues, surpassing the pace of classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-26 Hyunju Lee , Kyungtaek Jun

The broad applicability of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) constitutes a general-purpose modeling framework for combinatorial optimization problems and are a required format for gate array and quantum annealing computers.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Amit Verma , Mark Lewis

Quantum computing is developing fast. Real world applications are within reach in the coming years. One of the most promising areas is combinatorial optimisation, where the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimisation (QUBO) problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-06 Frank Phillipson , Irina Chiscop

We introduce a novel Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulation method for spanning tree problems. Instead of encoding the presence of edges in the tree individually, we opt to encode spanning trees as a permutation…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Ivan Carvalho

The Portfolio Optimization task has long been studied in the Financial Services literature as a procedure to identify the basket of assets that satisfy desired conditions on the expected return and the associated risk. A well-known approach…

The increasing complexity of industrial scheduling and transport routing problems motivates the study of alternative optimization formulations and computational paradigms. In this work, we study how higher-order unconstrained binary…

Ising machines are next-generation computers expected to efficiently sample near-optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. Combinatorial optimization problems are modeled as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Kentaro Ohno , Nozomu Togawa

Qubit-efficient optimization studies how large combinatorial problems can be addressed with quantum circuits whose width is far smaller than the number of logical variables. In quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO), objective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 Gordon Ma , Dimitris G. Angelakis

Annealing machines specialized for combinatorial optimization problems have been developed, and some companies offer services to use those machines. Such specialized machines can only handle binary variables, and their input format is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-24 Yuki Furue , Makiko Konoshima , Hirotaka Tamura , Jun Ohkubo

In this paper, we study the computational complexity of the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem under the functional problem FP^NP categorization. We focus on four sub-classes: (1) When all coefficients are integers…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Hirotoshi Yasuoka