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While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in speech generation and recognition, their applications are mainly confined to monolingual scenarios, with limited explorations in code-switched (CS) contexts. In this paper, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Jing Xu , Daxin Tan , Jiaqi Wang , Xiao Chen

Multilingual speakers tend to alternate between languages within a conversation, a phenomenon referred to as "code-switching" (CS). CS is a complex phenomenon that not only encompasses linguistic challenges, but also contains a great deal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Injy Hamed , Alia El Bolock , Nader Rizk , Cornelia Herbert , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Large Language Models (LLMs) encode vast world knowledge across multiple languages, yet their internal beliefs are often unevenly distributed across linguistic spaces. When external evidence contradicts these language-dependent memories,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiaqi Zhao , Qiang Huang , Haodong Chen , Xiaoxing You , Jun Yu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in multilingual contexts, yet their capacity for consistent, logically grounded alignment across languages remains underexplored. We present a controlled evaluation framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Samir Abdaljalil , Erchin Serpedin , Khalid Qaraqe , Hasan Kurban

Amidst the rapid advances of large language models (LLMs), most LLMs still struggle with mixed-language inputs, limited Codeswitching (CSW) datasets, and evaluation biases, which hinder their deployment in multilingual societies. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rajvee Sheth , Samridhi Raj Sinha , Mahavir Patil , Himanshu Beniwal , Mayank Singh

Code-switching entails mixing multiple languages. It is an increasingly occurring phenomenon in social media texts. Usually, code-mixed texts are written in a single script, even though the languages involved have different scripts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Niraj Pahari , Kazutaka Shimada

Code-Switching (CS) is referred to the phenomenon of alternately using words and phrases from different languages. While today's neural end-to-end (E2E) models deliver state-of-the-art performances on the task of automatic speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Christian Huber , Juan Hussain , Alexander Waibel

This paper examines the Code-Switching (CS) phenomenon where two languages intertwine within a single utterance. There exists a noticeable need for research on the CS between English and Korean. We highlight that the current Equivalence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Jangyeong Jeon , Sangyeon Cho , Minuk Ma , Junyoung Kim

Cutting-edge LLMs have emerged as powerful tools for multilingual communication and understanding. However, LLMs perform worse in Common Sense Reasoning (CSR) tasks when prompted in low-resource languages (LRLs) like Hindi or Swahili…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Tanay Nagar , Grigorii Khvatskii , Anna Sokol , Nitesh V. Chawla

Code-switching, the phenomenon of alternating between two or more languages in a single conversation, presents unique challenges for Natural Language Processing (NLP). Most existing research focuses on either syntactic constraints or neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Garry Kuwanto , Chaitanya Agarwal , Genta Indra Winata , Derry Tanti Wijaya

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable ability to process information across various languages. Despite their capabilities, they exhibit inconsistencies in handling identical queries in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yue Huang , Chenrui Fan , Yuan Li , Siyuan Wu , Tianyi Zhou , Xiangliang Zhang , Lichao Sun

Code switching (CS) is a very common phenomenon in written and spoken communication but one that is handled poorly by many natural language processing applications. Looking to the application of building CS corpora, we explore CS language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Laurie Burchell , Alexandra Birch , Robert P. Thompson , Kenneth Heafield

Proficient multilingual speakers often intentionally switch languages in the middle of a conversation. Similarly, recent reasoning-focused bilingual large language models (LLMs) with strong capabilities in both languages exhibit language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yihao Li , Jiayi Xin , Miranda Muqing Miao , Qi Long , Lyle Ungar

This work focuses on building language models (LMs) for code-switched text. We propose two techniques that significantly improve these LMs: 1) A novel recurrent neural network unit with dual components that focus on each language in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Saurabh Garg , Tanmay Parekh , Preethi Jyothi

Modern LLMs continue to exhibit significant variance in behavior across languages, such as being able to recall factual information in some languages but not others. While typically studied as a problem to be mitigated, in this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Lucas Bandarkar , Alan Ansell , Trevor Cohn

Recent studies have shown that code-switching data (CSD), in which multiple languages are mixed within the same context, can improve cross-lingual transfer and multilingual alignment in large language models (LLMs). However, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Shunta Asano , Jeonghun Baek , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Code-switching (CS) phenomenon occurs when words or phrases from different languages are alternated in a single sentence. Due to data scarcity, building an effective CS Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system remains challenging. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-23 Yu Xi , Wen Ding , Kai Yu , Junjie Lai

Recent developments in reasoning capabilities have enabled large language models to solve increasingly complex mathematical, symbolic, and logical tasks. Interestingly, while reasoning models are often trained to generate monolingual text,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Eleanor M. Lin , David Jurgens

Large language models (LLMs) are typically multilingual due to pretraining on diverse multilingual corpora. But can these models relate corresponding concepts across languages, i.e., be crosslingual? This study evaluates state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Lynn Chua , Badih Ghazi , Yangsibo Huang , Pritish Kamath , Ravi Kumar , Pasin Manurangsi , Amer Sinha , Chulin Xie , Chiyuan Zhang

Texts written in different languages reflect different culturally-dependent beliefs of their writers. Thus, we expect multilingual LMs (MLMs), that are jointly trained on a concatenation of text in multiple languages, to encode different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Rochelle Choenni , Anne Lauscher , Ekaterina Shutova