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Transformers are deep architectures that define "in-context mappings" which enable predicting new tokens based on a given set of tokens (such as a prompt in NLP applications or a set of patches for a vision transformer). In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Takashi Furuya , Maarten V. de Hoop , Gabriel Peyré

Transformers serve as the foundational architecture for large language and video generation models, such as GPT, BERT, SORA and their successors. Empirical studies have demonstrated that real-world data and learning tasks exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhaiming Shen , Alex Havrilla , Rongjie Lai , Alexander Cloninger , Wenjing Liao

Solving the intricate quantum behavior of interacting particles is key to unlocking the mysteries of condensed matter, but capturing their complex correlations across different scales remains a monumental challenge. We introduce a neural…

The quark mean field model, which describes the nucleon using the constituent quark model, is applied to investigate the properties of finite nuclei. The couplings of the scalar and vector mesons with quarks are made density dependent…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-07 Y. H. Tan , H. Shen , P. Z. Ning

We derive mean-field equations for a general class of ferromagnetic spin systems with an explicit error bound in finite volumes. The proof is based on a link between the mean-field equation and the free convolution formalism of random…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-08-10 Christian Brennecke , Per von Soosten

We propose a new approximation framework that unifies and generalizes a number of existing mean-field approximation methods for the SIS epidemic model on complex networks. We derive the framework, which we call the Universal Mean-Field…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-12-06 Karel Devriendt , Piet Van Mieghem

We introduce a new approach to derive mean-field limits for first- and second-order particle systems with singular interactions. It is based on a duality approach combined with the analysis of linearized dual correlations, and it allows to…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-02-12 Didier Bresch , Mitia Duerinckx , Pierre-Emmanuel Jabin

This paper investigates the learning theory of Transformer networks for regression tasks on the compact Euclidean domain $[0,1]^d$ and $d$-dimensional compact Riemannian manifolds. We propose a novel constructive approximation framework for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-12 Zhongjie Shi , Wenjing Liao

Transformers have proven highly effective across various applications, especially in handling sequential data such as natural languages and time series. However, transformer models often lack clear interpretability, and the success of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Wei Shi , Yuan Cao

I review the quantum theory of the electron moving in a random environment. First, the quantum mechanics of individual particles scattered on a random potential is discussed. The quantum-mechanical description is extended to many-body…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-09-13 Václav Janiš

The transformer is a neural network component that can be used to learn useful representations of sequences or sets of data-points. The transformer has driven recent advances in natural language processing, computer vision, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Richard E. Turner

If the behavior of a system with many degrees of freedom can be captured by a small number of collective variables, then plausibly there is an underlying mean-field theory. We show that simple versions of this idea fail to describe the…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Luca Di Carlo , Francesca Mignacco , Christopher W. Lynn , William Bialek

We propose a mean-field method to calculate approximately the spacing distribution functions $p^{(n)}(s)$ in 1D classical many-particle systems. We compare our method with two other commonly used methods, the independent interval…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-01-12 Diego Luis González , Alberto Pimpinelli , T. L. Einstein

Recently, radical progress in machine learning (ML) has revolutionized computational materials science, enabling unprecedentedly rapid materials discovery and property prediction, but the quantum many-body problem -- which is the key to…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-07-09 Bowen Hou , Xian Xu , Jinyuan Wu , Diana Y. Qiu

This paper studies the rate of convergence of a family of continuous-time Markov chains (CTMC) to a mean-field model. When the mean-field model is a finite-dimensional dynamical system with a unique equilibrium point, an analysis based on…

Performance · Computer Science 2015-10-06 Lei Ying

A two species reaction-diffusion model, in which particles diffuse on a one-dimensional lattice and annihilate when meeting each other, has been investigated. Mean field equations for general choice of reaction rates have been solved…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-10 F. Tabatabaee , A. Aghamohammadi

Mean field approach, although a generally reliable tool that captures major short range correlations, often fails in symmetric low dimensional strongly correlated electronic systems like those described by the Hubbard model. In these…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-09-25 Baruch Rosenstein , Dingping Li , Tianxing Ma , H. C. Kao

A recent dynamic mean-field theory for sequence processing in fully connected neural networks of Hopfield-type (During, Coolen and Sherrington, 1998) is extended and analized here for a symmetrically diluted network with finite connectivity…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 W. K. Theumann

We study the complexity of sampling from the stationary distribution of a mean-field SDE, or equivalently, the complexity of minimizing a functional over the space of probability measures which includes an interaction term. Our main insight…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-08 Yunbum Kook , Matthew S. Zhang , Sinho Chewi , Murat A. Erdogdu , Mufan Bill Li

Important gaps remain in our understanding of the thermodynamics and statistical physics of self-gravitating systems. Using mean field theory, here we investigate the equilibrium properties of several spherically symmetric model systems…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Peter J. Klinko , Bruce N. Miller