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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) demonstrate impressive zero-shot generalization through large-scale image-text pretraining, yet their performance can drop once the deployment distribution diverges from the training distribution. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Xiaozhen Qiao , Jingkai Zhao , Yuqiu Jiang , Xianda Guo , Zhe Sun , Hongyuan Zhang , Xuelong Li

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have recently received substantial interest, which shows their emerging potential as general-purpose models for various vision-language tasks. MLLMs involve significant external knowledge within…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Muhe Ding , Yang Ma , Pengda Qin , Jianlong Wu , Yuhong Li , Liqiang Nie

Recent approaches leveraging multi-modal pre-trained models like CLIP for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) have shown significant promise in bridging domain gaps and improving generalization by utilizing rich semantic knowledge and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Tung-Long Vuong , Hoang Phan , Vy Vo , Anh Bui , Thanh-Toan Do , Trung Le , Dinh Phung

Current test-time adaptation (TTA) approaches aim to adapt a machine learning model to environments that change continuously. Yet, it is unclear whether TTA methods can maintain their adaptability over prolonged periods. To answer this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Trung-Hieu Hoang , Duc Minh Vo , Minh N. Do

Personalized federated learning algorithms have shown promising results in adapting models to various distribution shifts. However, most of these methods require labeled data on testing clients for personalization, which is usually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Wenxuan Bao , Tianxin Wei , Haohan Wang , Jingrui He

Image-to-image translation has emerged as a powerful technique in medical imaging, enabling tasks such as image denoising and cross-modality conversion. However, it suffers from limitations in handling out-of-distribution samples without…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Irene Iele , Francesco Di Feola , Valerio Guarrasi , Paolo Soda

Vision-language models suffer performance degradation under domain shift, limiting real-world applicability. Existing test-time adaptation methods are computationally intensive, rely on back-propagation, and often focus on single…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yi Zhang , Chun-Wun Cheng , Angelica I. Aviles-Rivero , Zhihai He , Liang-Jie Zhang

Current visual detectors, though impressive within their training distribution, often fail to parse out-of-distribution scenes into their constituent entities. Recent test-time adaptation methods use auxiliary self-supervised losses to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Mihir Prabhudesai , Anirudh Goyal , Sujoy Paul , Sjoerd van Steenkiste , Mehdi S. M. Sajjadi , Gaurav Aggarwal , Thomas Kipf , Deepak Pathak , Katerina Fragkiadaki

Real-world application models are commonly deployed in dynamic environments, where the target domain distribution undergoes temporal changes. Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) has recently emerged as a promising technique to gradually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Shilei Cao , Juepeng Zheng , Yan Liu , Baoquan Zhao , Ziqi Yuan , Weijia Li , Runmin Dong , Haohuan Fu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique aimed at enhancing the generalization performance of models by leveraging unlabeled samples solely during prediction. Given the need for robustness in neural network systems when faced with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Yongcan Yu , Lijun Sheng , Ran He , Jian Liang

We propose Domain-Conditioned Meta-Contrastive Learning, a framework for improving the cross-domain generalization of vision-language models. While contrastive models such as CLIP achieve strong performance through large-scale training,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Merham Fouladvand , Peuroly Batra

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a viable solution to adapt pre-trained models to domain shifts using unlabeled test data. However, TTA faces challenges of adaptation failures due to its reliance on blind adaptation to unknown test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Deploying models on target domain data subject to distribution shift requires adaptation. Test-time training (TTT) emerges as a solution to this adaptation under a realistic scenario where access to full source domain data is not available…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Yongyi Su , Xun Xu , Kui Jia

Text-based person search faces inherent limitations due to data scarcity, driven by stringent privacy constraints and the high cost of manual annotation. To mitigate this, existing methods usually rely on a Pretrain-then-Finetune paradigm,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jiahao Zhang , Shaofei Huang , Yaxiong Wang , Zhedong Zheng

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to mitigate distributional shifts between training and test domains during inference time. However, existing TTA methods fall short in the realistic scenario where models face both continually changing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yingkai Yang , Chaoqi Chen , Hui Huang

Few-shot Test-Time Domain Adaptation focuses on adapting a model at test time to a specific domain using only a few unlabeled examples, addressing domain shift. Prior methods leverage CLIP's strong out-of-distribution (OOD) abilities by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zhixiang Chi , Li Gu , Huan Liu , Ziqiang Wang , Yanan Wu , Yang Wang , Konstantinos N Plataniotis

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTA) is a challenging task that aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to continually changing target domains. In the CTA setting, a model does not know when the target domain changes, thus facing a drastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Inseop Chung , Kyomin Hwang , Jayeon Yoo , Nojun Kwak

Traditional test-time adaptation (TTA) methods face significant challenges in adapting to dynamic environments characterized by continuously changing long-term target distributions. These challenges primarily stem from two factors:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Fahim Faisal Niloy , Sk Miraj Ahmed , Dripta S. Raychaudhuri , Samet Oymak , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury

The conventional modus operandi for adapting pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) during test-time involves tuning learnable prompts, ie, test-time prompt tuning. This paper introduces Test-Time Low-rank adaptation (TTL) as an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Raza Imam , Hanan Gani , Muhammad Huzaifa , Karthik Nandakumar

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) via entropy minimization (EM) has proven effective for classification tasks, yet its application to generative autoregressive models remains theoretically fragmented. Existing approaches typically rely on distinct…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Wei-Ping Huang , Chee-En Yu , Guan-Ting Lin , Hung-yi Lee