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Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an emerging new domain in which a set of processes and tools allow humans to better comprehend the decisions generated by black box models. However, most of the available XAI tools are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Zoumpolia Dikopoulou , Serafeim Moustakidis , Patrik Karlsson

The remarkable advancements in Deep Learning (DL) algorithms have fueled enthusiasm for using Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in almost every domain; however, the opaqueness of these algorithms put a question mark on their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-12 F. Hussain , R. Hussain , E. Hossain

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques for interpreting object detection models remain in an early stage, with no established standards for systematic evaluation. This absence of consensus hinders both the comparative analysis…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Loc Phuc Truong Nguyen , Hung Truong Thanh Nguyen , Hung Cao

Explainability and evaluation of AI models are crucial parts of the security of modern intrusion detection systems (IDS) in the network security field, yet they are lacking. Accordingly, feature selection is essential for such parts in IDS…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Osvaldo Arreche , Tanish Guntur , Mustafa Abdallah

Ensuring transparency and trust in artificial intelligence (AI) models is essential as they are increasingly deployed in safety-critical and high-stakes domains. Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a promising approach to address this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Reem Hammoud , Abdul Karim Gizzini , Ali J. Ghandour

Deep Neural Networks have become the dominant solution for Autonomous Driving perception, but their opacity conflicts with emerging Trustworthy AI guidelines and complicates safety assurance, debugging, and human oversight. While…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Till Beemelmanns , Shayan Sharifi , Manas Mehrotra , Ayushman Choudhuri , Lutz Eckstein

The state-of-the-art driving automation system demands extreme computational resources to meet rigorous accuracy and latency requirements. Though emerging driving automation computing platforms are based on ASIC to provide better…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Yuqiong Qi , Yang Hu , Haibin Wu , Shen Li , Haiyu Mao , Xiaochun Ye , Dongrui Fan , Ninghui Sun

Multivariate time series anomaly detection is a very common problem in the field of failure prevention. Fast prevention means lower repair costs and losses. The amount of sensors in novel industry systems makes the anomaly detection process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Kamil Faber , Dominik Żurek , Marcin Pietroń , Kamil Piętak

Machine failures decrease up-time and can lead to extra repair costs or even to human casualties and environmental pollution. Recent condition monitoring techniques use artificial intelligence in an effort to avoid time-consuming manual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Kilian Hendrickx , Wannes Meert , Yves Mollet , Johan Gyselinck , Bram Cornelis , Konstantinos Gryllias , Jesse Davis

eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have emerged to convert the black box of machine learning (ML) models into a more digestible form. These methods help to communicate how the model works with the aim of making ML models more…

Autonomous vehicle (AV) systems rely on robust perception models as a cornerstone of safety assurance. However, objects encountered on the road exhibit a long-tailed distribution, with rare or unseen categories posing challenges to a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Mingfu Liang , Jong-Chyi Su , Samuel Schulter , Sparsh Garg , Shiyu Zhao , Ying Wu , Manmohan Chandraker

Generative models based on variational autoencoders are a popular technique for detecting anomalies in images in a semi-supervised context. A common approach employs the anomaly score to detect the presence of anomalies, and it is known to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Muhammad Rashid , Elvio Amparore , Enrico Ferrari , Damiano Verda

Safe autonomous systems in complex environments require robust road anomaly segmentation to identify unknown obstacles. However, existing approaches often rely on pixel-level statistics to determine whether a region appears anomalous. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhuolin He , Jiacheng Tang , Jian Pu , Xiangyang Xue

Neural additive model (NAM) is a recently proposed explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) method that utilizes neural network-based architectures. Given the advantages of neural networks, NAMs provide intuitive explanations for their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Hoki Kim , Jinseong Park , Yujin Choi , Seungyun Lee , Jaewook Lee

eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a sub-field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is at the forefront of AI research. In XAI, feature attribution methods produce explanations in the form of feature importance. People often use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Jamie Duell , Monika Seisenberger , Gert Aarts , Shangming Zhou , Xiuyi Fan

Nowadays, there are outstanding strides towards a future with autonomous vehicles on our roads. While the perception of autonomous vehicles performs well under closed-set conditions, they still struggle to handle the unexpected. This survey…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Daniel Bogdoll , Maximilian Nitsche , J. Marius Zöllner

Automatic detection of visual anomalies and changes in the environment has been a topic of recurrent attention in the fields of machine learning and computer vision over the past decades. A visual anomaly or change detection algorithm…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Sahar Salimpour , Jorge Peña Queralta , Tomi Westerlund

Anomaly Detection (AD) focuses on identifying unusual behaviors in complex datasets. Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and Decision Support Systems (DSSs) provide effective solutions for AD, but detecting anomalies alone may not be enough,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-10 Alessio Arcudi , Davide Frizzo , Chiara Masiero , Gian Antonio Susto

In many applications, model ensembling proves to be better than a single predictive model. Hence, it is the most common post-processing technique in Automated Machine Learning (AutoML). The most popular frameworks use ensembles at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Anna Kozak , Dominik Kędzierski , Jakub Piwko , Malwina Wojewoda , Katarzyna Woźnica

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding and integrating more into daily life to automate tasks, guide decision making, and enhance efficiency. However, complex AI models, which make decisions without providing clear explanations…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Lakshit Arora , Sanjay Surendranath Girija , Shashank Kapoor , Aman Raj , Dipen Pradhan , Ankit Shetgaonkar