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We introduce \textsc{CAT}, a framework designed to evaluate and visualize the \emph{interplay} of \emph{accuracy} and \emph{response consistency} of Large Language Models (LLMs) under controllable input variations, using multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Paulo Cavalin , Cassia Sanctos , Marcelo Grave , Claudio Pinhanez , Yago Primerano

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about content traceability and potential misuse. Existing watermarking schemes for sampled text often face trade-offs between maintaining text quality and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Shizhan Cai , Liang Ding , Dacheng Tao

The increasing concern in user privacy misuse has accelerated research into checking consistencies between smartphone apps' declared privacy policies and their actual behaviors. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zhenyu Mao , Xinxin Fan , Yifei Wang , Jacky Keung , Jialong Li

In recent years, code intelligence has gained increasing importance in the field of automated software engineering. Meanwhile, the widespread adoption of Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhen Yang , Hongyi Lin , Yifan He , Junqi Wang , Zeyu Sun , Shuo Liu , Jie Xu , Pengpeng Wang , Zhongxing Yu , Qingyuan Liang

Software vulnerabilities present a persistent security challenge, with over 25,000 new vulnerabilities reported in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) database in 2024 alone. While deep learning based approaches show promise for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Ahmed Lekssays , Hamza Mouhcine , Khang Tran , Ting Yu , Issa Khalil

Continual Learning (CL) is essential for enabling self-evolving large language models (LLMs) to adapt and remain effective amid rapid knowledge growth. Yet, despite its importance, little attention has been given to establishing statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Xiaofan Zhou , Lu Cheng

The integration of advanced technologies into telecommunication networks complicates troubleshooting, posing challenges for manual error identification in Packet Capture (PCAP) data. This manual approach, requiring substantial resources,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Lukasz Tulczyjew , Kinan Jarrah , Charles Abondo , Dina Bennett , Nathanael Weill

The increasing demand for domain-specific evaluation of large language models (LLMs) has led to the development of numerous benchmarks. These efforts often adhere to the principle of data scaling, relying on large corpora or extensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Rubing Chen , Jiaxin Wu , Jian Wang , Xulu Zhang , Wenqi Fan , Chenghua Lin , Xiao-Yong Wei , Qing Li

Recent claims about the impressive abilities of large language models (LLMs) are often supported by evaluating publicly available benchmarks. Since LLMs train on wide swaths of the internet, this practice raises concerns of data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Manley Roberts , Himanshu Thakur , Christine Herlihy , Colin White , Samuel Dooley

Benchmark data contamination has become a central challenge in LLM evaluation: when evaluation examples appear in the training data of one or more audited models, reported performance can be inflated and cross-model comparisons become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Zhenlong Liu , Hao Zeng , Hongxin Wei

Data contamination in model evaluation is getting increasingly prevalent as the massive training corpora of large language models often unintentionally include benchmark samples. Therefore, contamination analysis has became an inevitable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Yucheng Li

Identifying anomalies and contamination in datasets is important in a wide variety of settings. In this paper, we describe a new technique for estimating contamination in large, discrete valued datasets. Our approach considers the normal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-16 Matthew L. Malloy , Scott Alfeld , Paul Barford

Text-based automated Cognitive Distortion detection is a challenging task due to its subjective nature, with low agreement scores observed even among expert human annotators, leading to unreliable annotations. We explore the use of Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Neha Sharma , Navneet Agarwal , Kairit Sirts

Dataset contamination, where evaluation datasets overlap with pre-training corpora, inflates performance metrics and undermines the reliability of model evaluations. Measuring dataset contamination thus becomes essential to ensure that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Hyeong Kyu Choi , Maxim Khanov , Hongxin Wei , Yixuan Li

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a common strategy for updating large language model (LLM) responses with current, external information. However, models may still rely on memorized training data, bypass the retrieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Le Vu Anh , Nguyen Viet Anh , Mehmet Dik , Luong Van Nghia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity due to their remarkable capabilities in text understanding and generation. However, despite their widespread deployment in inference services such as ChatGPT, concerns about…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Haoqi Wu , Wei Dai , Li Wang , Qiang Yan

As large language models (LLMs) often generate plausible but incorrect content, error detection has become increasingly critical to ensure truthfulness. However, existing detection methods often overlook a critical problem we term as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Hexiang Tan , Fei Sun , Sha Liu , Du Su , Qi Cao , Xin Chen , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Yuanzhuo Wang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

A data mixture refers to how different data sources are combined to train large language models, and selecting an effective mixture is crucial for optimal downstream performance. Existing methods either conduct costly searches directly on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Jingwei Li , Xinran Gu , Jingzhao Zhang

Large language models pretrained on extensive web corpora demonstrate remarkable performance across a wide range of downstream tasks. However, a growing concern is data contamination, where evaluation datasets may be contained in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Medha Palavalli , Amanda Bertsch , Matthew R. Gormley

Large language models (LLMs) trained on unfiltered corpora inherently risk retaining sensitive information, necessitating selective knowledge unlearning for regulatory compliance and ethical safety. However, existing parameter-modifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zhaokun Wang , Jinyu Guo , Jingwen Pu , Hongli Pu , Meng Yang , Xunlei Chen , Jie Ou , Wenyi Li , Guangchun Luo , Wenhong Tian