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As a firm varies the price of a product, consumers exhibit reference effects, making purchase decisions based not only on the prevailing price but also the product's price history. We consider the problem of learning such behavioral…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-31 Abbas Kazerouni , Benjamin Van Roy

Interference between treated and untreated units is a source of bias in marketplace experiments. In this paper, we specifically consider pricing interventions, in which a platform seeks to adjust base pricing levels at the marketplace level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-27 Arthur Delarue , Kleanthis Karakolios

It is standard practice in online retail to run pricing experiments by randomizing at the article-level, i.e. by changing prices of different products to identify treatment effects. Due to customers' cross-price substitution behavior, such…

Applications · Statistics 2024-02-23 Lars Roemheld , Justin Rao

Extensive research shows that consumers are generally averse to price discrimination. However, instruments of differential pricing can benefit consumer surplus and alleviate inequity through targeted price discounts. This paper examines how…

General Economics · Economics 2024-04-05 Alexander Erlei , Mattheus Brenig , Nils Engelbrecht

We study competitive dynamic pricing among multiple sellers, motivated by the rise of large-scale experimentation and algorithmic pricing in retail and online marketplaces. Sellers repeatedly set prices using simple learning rules and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Bar Light , Wenyu Wang

We consider a dynamic pricing problem where customer response to the current price is impacted by the customer price expectation, aka reference price. We study a simple and novel reference price mechanism where reference price is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Shipra Agrawal , Wei Tang

In this paper, we examine the biases that arise when firms run A/B tests on continuous parameters to estimate global treatment effects on performance metrics of interest; we particularly focus on price experiments to measure the price…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Ramesh Johari , Orrie B. Page , Gabriel Y. Weintraub

This paper considers behavior-based price discrimination in the repeated sale of a non-durable good to a single long-lived buyer, by a seller without commitment power. We assume that there is a mixed population of forward-looking…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Rishi Patel , Emmanouil Pountourakis , Samuel Taggart

This paper proposes a novel method for demand forecasting in a pricing context. Here, modeling the causal relationship between price as an input variable to demand is crucial because retailers aim to set prices in a (profit) optimal manner…

Pricing decisions of companies require an understanding of the causal effect of a price change on the demand. When real-life pricing experiments are infeasible, data-driven decision-making must be based on alternative data sources such as…

Applications · Statistics 2024-07-03 Lauri Valkonen , Santtu Tikka , Jouni Helske , Juha Karvanen

An informed seller designs a dynamic mechanism to sell an experience good. The seller has partial information about the product match, which affects the buyer's private consumption experience. We characterize equilibrium mechanisms of this…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-06-24 Tan Gan , Nicholas Wu

We consider a periodical equilibrium pricing problem for multiple firms over a planning horizon of T periods. At each period, firms set their selling prices and receive stochastic demand from consumers. Firms do not know their underlying…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yongge Yang , Yu-Ching Lee , Po-An Chen

Experimentation is central to modern digital businesses, but many operational decisions cannot be randomized at the user level. In such cases, cluster-level experiments, where clusters are usually geographic, come to the rescue. However,…

Switchback experiments, where a firm sequentially exposes an experimental unit to random treatments, are among the most prevalent designs used in the technology sector, with applications ranging from ride-hailing platforms to online…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-18 Iavor Bojinov , David Simchi-Levi , Jinglong Zhao

The rise of big data analytics has automated the decision-making of companies and increased supply chain agility. In this paper, we study the supply chain contract design problem faced by a data-driven supplier who needs to respond to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Xuejun Zhao , Ruihao Zhu , William B. Haskell

We consider a retailer selling a single product with limited on-hand inventory over a finite selling season. Customer demand arrives according to a Poisson process, the rate of which is influenced by a single action taken by the retailer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-06-28 Zizhuo Wang , Shiming Deng , Yinyu Ye

The process of consumer decision-making is multidimensional, and price perception is a very important but still not well-understood dimension for both marketers and consumers. Although heuristics or mental shortcuts are seen as biased and…

General Economics · Economics 2025-06-26 Shawn Berry

A consumer who wants to consume a good in a particular period may nevertheless attempt to buy it earlier if he is concerned that in delaying he would find the good already sold. This paper considers a model in which the good may be offered…

General Economics · Economics 2023-04-05 Amihai Glazer , Refael Hassin , Irit Nowik

This paper proposes a method for estimating consumer preferences among discrete choices, where the consumer chooses at most one product in a category, but selects from multiple categories in parallel. The consumer's utility is additive in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Rob Donnelly , Francisco R. Ruiz , David Blei , Susan Athey

We consider a scenario where a retailer can set different prices for different consumers in a smart grid. The retailer's objective is to maximize the revenue, minimize the operating cost, and maximize the consumer's welfare. The retailer…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-09 Diptangshu Sen , Kushaagra Goyal , Varun Ramamohan , Arnob Ghosh
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