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High-quality long-context instruction data is essential for aligning long-context large language models (LLMs). Despite the public release of models like Qwen and Llama, their long-context instruction data remains proprietary. Human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Chaochen Gao , Xing Wu , Zijia Lin , Debing Zhang , Songlin Hu

Large language models (LLMs) have enabled a range of applications in zero-shot and few-shot learning settings, including the generation of synthetic datasets for training and testing. However, to reliably use these synthetic datasets, it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Gaurav Maheshwari , Dmitry Ivanov , Kevin El Haddad

Obtaining data in the medical field is challenging, making the adoption of AI technology within the space slow and high-risk. We evaluate whether we can overcome this obstacle with synthetic data generated by large language models (LLMs).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Paulo Soares , Sean McCurdy , Andrew J. Gerber , Peter Fonagy

Large language models are trained in two stages: (1) unsupervised pretraining from raw text, to learn general-purpose representations, and (2) large scale instruction tuning and reinforcement learning, to better align to end tasks and user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Chunting Zhou , Pengfei Liu , Puxin Xu , Srini Iyer , Jiao Sun , Yuning Mao , Xuezhe Ma , Avia Efrat , Ping Yu , Lili Yu , Susan Zhang , Gargi Ghosh , Mike Lewis , Luke Zettlemoyer , Omer Levy

Equipping Large Language Model (LLM) agents with domain-specific skills is critical for tackling complex tasks. Yet, manual authoring creates a severe scalability bottleneck. Conversely, automated skill generation often yields fragile or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jingwei Ni , Yihao Liu , Xinpeng Liu , Yutao Sun , Mengyu Zhou , Pengyu Cheng , Dexin Wang , Erchao Zhao , Xiaoxi Jiang , Guanjun Jiang

Synthetic data augmentation via large language models (LLMs) allows researchers to leverage additional training data, thus enhancing the performance of downstream tasks, especially when real-world data is scarce. However, the generated data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Hsun-Yu Kuo , Yin-Hsiang Liao , Yu-Chieh Chao , Wei-Yun Ma , Pu-Jen Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in agentic environments must exercise multiple capabilities across different task instances, where a capability is performing one or more actions in a trajectory that are necessary for successfully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Hangoo Kang , Tarun Suresh , Jon Saad-Falcon , Azalia Mirhoseini

Open-source pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong language understanding and generation capabilities, making them highly successful in a variety of tasks. However, when used as agents for dealing with complex problems in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Qinhao Zhou , Zihan Zhang , Xiang Xiang , Ke Wang , Yuchuan Wu , Yongbin Li

Post-Training Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to build interactive agents holds promise across domains such as computer-use, web navigation, and robotics. A key challenge in scaling such post-training is lack of high-quality…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ram Ramrakhya , Andrew Szot , Omar Attia , Yuhao Yang , Anh Nguyen , Bogdan Mazoure , Zhe Gan , Harsh Agrawal , Alexander Toshev

We explore the automatic generation of interactive, scenario-based lessons designed to train novice human tutors who teach middle school mathematics online. Employing prompt engineering through a Retrieval-Augmented Generation approach with…

This paper addresses fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) for function calling tasks when real user interaction data is unavailable. In digital content creation tools, where users express their needs through natural language queries…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human users in interactive settings such as therapy, education, and social role-play. While these simulations enable scalable training and evaluation of AI agents, off-the-shelf…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Marwa Abdulhai , Ryan Cheng , Donovan Clay , Tim Althoff , Sergey Levine , Natasha Jaques

Language models are often trained to maximize the likelihood of the next token given past tokens in the training dataset. However, during inference time, they are utilized differently, generating text sequentially and auto-regressively by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Zhepeng Cen , Yao Liu , Siliang Zeng , Pratik Chaudhari , Huzefa Rangwala , George Karypis , Rasool Fakoor

Large language and multimodal models have shown remarkable success on various benchmarks focused on specific skills such as general-purpose programming, math word problem-solving, and visual question answering. However, it is unclear how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chao Wen , Jacqueline Staub , Adish Singla

Instruction fine-tuning is crucial for today's large language models (LLMs) to learn to follow instructions and align with human preferences. Conventionally, supervised data, including the instruction and the correct response, is required…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Juncheng Xie , Shensian Syu , Hung-yi Lee

The efficacy of large language models (LLMs) on downstream tasks usually hinges on instruction tuning, which relies critically on the quality of training data. Unfortunately, collecting high-quality and diverse data is both expensive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Hang Zhou , Yehui Tang , Haochen Qin , Yujie Yang , Renren Jin , Deyi Xiong , Kai Han , Yunhe Wang

While large language models (LLMs) have advanced the development of general-purpose agents, achieving robust generalization to unseen tasks remains a significant challenge. Current approaches typically rely on either fine-tuning or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Thomas Palmeira Ferraz , Romain Deffayet , Vassilina Nikoulina , Hervé Déjean , Stéphane Clinchant

Existing efforts to improve logical reasoning ability of language models have predominantly relied on supervised fine-tuning, hindering generalization to new domains and/or tasks. The development of Large Langauge Models (LLMs) has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Fangkai Jiao , Zhiyang Teng , Bosheng Ding , Zhengyuan Liu , Nancy F. Chen , Shafiq Joty

Training vision-language models (VLMs) typically requires large-scale, high-quality image-text pairs, but collecting or synthesizing such data is costly. In contrast, text data is abundant and inexpensive, prompting the question: can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Xiaomin Yu , Wenjie Zhang , Ziyue Qiao , Chengwei Qin , Hui Xiong

Recent end-to-end speech language models (SLMs) have expanded upon the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by incorporating pre-trained speech models. However, these SLMs often undergo extensive speech instruction-tuning to bridge…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-30 Ke-Han Lu , Zhehuai Chen , Szu-Wei Fu , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Jagadeesh Balam , Boris Ginsburg , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang , Hung-yi Lee