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With the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), generating rule-based data for real-world applications has become more accessible. Due to the inherent ambiguity of natural language and the complexity of rule sets, especially in long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Teng Wang , Zhenqi He , Wing-Yin Yu , Xiaojin Fu , Xiongwei Han

Cultural representation in Large Language Model (LLM) outputs has primarily been evaluated through the proxies of cultural diversity and factual accuracy. However, a crucial gap remains in assessing cultural alignment: the degree to which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Erin MacMurray van Liemt , Aida Davani , Sinchana Kumbale , Neha Dixit , Sunipa Dev

Large language models (LLMs) often lack culture-specific knowledge of daily life, especially across diverse regions and non-English languages. Existing benchmarks for evaluating LLMs' cultural sensitivities are limited to a single language…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in everyday communication, including multilingual interactions across different cultural contexts. While LLMs can now generate near-perfect literal translations, it remains unclear whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Helene Tenzer , Oumnia Abidi , Stefan Feuerriegel

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate and shape cultural content, ranging from narrative writing to artistic production. While these models demonstrate impressive fluency and generative capacity, prior work has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 F. Carichon , R. Rampa , G. Farnadi

The prevailing ``trivia-centered paradigm'' for evaluating the cultural alignment of large language models (LLMs) is increasingly inadequate as these models become more advanced and widely deployed. Existing approaches typically reduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Juhyun Oh , Inha Cha , Michael Saxon , Hyunseung Lim , Shaily Bhatt , Alice Oh

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human opinions and survey responses, but their ability to reproduce population responses across cultures remains limited. Existing persona-based prompting methods typically rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Axel Abels , Elias Fernandez Domingos , Apurva Shah , Tom Lenaerts

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Large language models (LLMs) offer a range of new possibilities, including adapting the text to different audiences and their reading needs. But how well do they adapt? We evaluate the readability of answers generated by four…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Donya Rooein , Amanda Cercas Curry , Dirk Hovy

Socio-demographic prompting (SDP) - prompting Large Language Models (LLMs) using demographic proxies to generate culturally aligned outputs - often shows LLM responses as stereotypical and biased. While effective in assessing LLMs' cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Saurabh Kumar Pandey , Sougata Saha , Monojit Choudhury

Large language models (LLMs) are often described as multilingual because they can understand and respond in many languages. However, speaking a language is not the same as reasoning within a culture. This distinction motivates a critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yuan Chang , Jiaming Qu , Zhu Li

Recent studies have highlighted the presence of cultural biases in Large Language Models (LLMs), yet often lack a robust methodology to dissect these phenomena comprehensively. Our work aims to bridge this gap by delving into the Food…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Li Zhou , Taelin Karidi , Wanlong Liu , Nicolas Garneau , Yong Cao , Wenyu Chen , Haizhou Li , Daniel Hershcovich

Large language models (LLMs) encode rich cultural knowledge learned from diverse web-scale data, offering an unprecedented opportunity to model cultural commonsense at scale. Yet this knowledge remains mostly implicit and unstructured,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Junior Cedric Tonga , Chen Cecilia Liu , Iryna Gurevych , Fajri Koto

Large language models (LLMs) are used to generate content for a wide range of tasks, and are set to reach a growing audience in coming years due to integration in product interfaces like ChatGPT or search engines like Bing. This intensifies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Hannah Rose Kirk , Bertie Vidgen , Paul Röttger , Scott A. Hale

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have expanded their role in human interaction, yet curiosity -- a central driver of inquiry -- remains underexplored in these systems, particularly across cultural contexts. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Angana Borah , Zhijing Jin , Rada Mihalcea

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as promising solutions for a variety of medical and clinical decision support applications. However, LLMs are often subject to different types of biases, which can lead to unfair treatment of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Raphael Poulain , Hamed Fayyaz , Rahmatollah Beheshti

People increasingly rely on Large Language Models (LLMs) for moral advice, which may influence humans' decisions. Yet, little is known about how closely LLMs align with human moral judgments. To address this, we introduce the Moral Dilemma…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Giuseppe Russo , Debora Nozza , Paul Röttger , Dirk Hovy

Multilingual Large Language Models (MLLMs) represent a pivotal advancement in democratizing artificial intelligence across linguistic boundaries. While theoretical foundations are well-established, practical implementation guidelines remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Junhua Liu , Bin Fu

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit homogenized cultural perspectives. While the World Values Survey (WVS) provides a gold standard for mapping human values, traditional direct prompting of LLMs on WVS often fails to access the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Trung Duc Anh Dang , Sarah Masud

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly support culturally sensitive decision making, yet often exhibit misalignment due to skewed pretraining data and the absence of structured value representations. Existing methods can steer outputs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Wonduk Seo , Wonseok Choi , Junseo Koh , Juhyeon Lee , Hyunjin An , Minhyeong Yu , Jian Park , Qingshan Zhou , Seunghyun Lee , Yi Bu
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